Gene Expression and Regulation

TATA binding protein (TBP)

Transcription factor IID (TFIID)

Ribosome subunits

General transcription factors

DNA helicases temporarily re-bind DNA strands post-RNA synthesis guiding snRNPs towards correct splicing sites via structural cues.

Small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs) within spliceosomes facilitate precise intron removal and exon ligation processes.

Ribosomal subunits attach directly onto mRNA strands distinguishing exons from introns through base-pairing interactions.

Ligases perform proofreading functions distinguishing intronic sequences from exonic ones based on sequence conservation levels.

Introns

Exons

Codons

RNAs

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

RNA polymerase II

Ribosomal subunits (rRNA)

Helicase enzymes

Enhanced precision of exon selection improving protein function diversity.

No change in protein synthesis as alternative splicing compensates for errors.

Increased efficiency in pre-mRNA splicing resulting in faster maturation time.

Production of aberrant mRNA molecules leading to nonfunctional proteins or disease states.

C A U C A G

C A T C A C

C A T C A G

C U T C U G

A poly-A tail

A ribozyme sequence

An intron sequence

A modified guanine nucleotide cap

The rate of gene transcription may change.

The amino acid sequence of the protein will change.

RNA polymerase will skip transcribing this gene entirely.

Introns from the mRNA will not be removed.

The mutated mRNA would be subject to nonsense-mediated decay, preventing the production of a truncated protein.

The mRNA may be stabilized by increased binding of poly-A binding proteins, leading to enhanced translation.

The mutation could lead to an alternative splicing event that skips the exon containing the premature stop codon.

The premature stop codon could facilitate the addition of a longer poly-A tail, improving mRNA stability.

Translation

Transcription

Replication

Alternative splicing