Gene Expression and Regulation
The central dogma explains the flow of genetic information, what is the order of events?
mRNA to protein to DNA
DNA to protein to mRNA
Protein to DNA to mRNA
DNA to mRNA to protein
How might overexpression of microRNAs that target mRNAs coding for transcription factors involved in muscle differentiation impact embryonic development?
The specificity of microRNAs ensures only non-muscle tissues are affected during development.
It could lead to underdeveloped muscles due to interference with muscle-specific gene regulation.
It would enhance muscle development by promoting higher levels of transcription factors.
Overexpressed microRNAs would likely be degraded, resulting in no significant effect.
Which mechanism could potentially alter the pattern of gene expression in a cell without changing the underlying DNA sequence, and could be investigated to understand its role in cell differentiation?
Changes in DNA methylation patterns.
Permanent deletion of entire chromosome segments.
Random amplification of non-coding DNA regions.
Alteration of the actual nucleotide sequence.
In eukaryotic cells, if regulation at which level leads to rapid changes in protein levels without affecting mRNA concentrations?
RNA processing
Transcriptional control
Post-translational modification
Translation initiation
An increasingly common and potentially fatal bacteria that is antibiotic resistant is ____.
Coronavirus
Influenza A
Yersinia pestis
MRSA
A common operon discussed in prokaryotes which results in the breakdown of lactose is __.
The lac operon
The lactase operon
The milk operon
The trp operon
In eukaryotic cells, where does transcription take place?
Endoplasmic reticulum
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Mitochondrion

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Assuming all proteins are present at equal levels, which scenario would lead to maximal activation of a gene downstream from a signal transduction pathway involving multiple enhancers and silencers?
Silencers outnumbering enhancers but having lower affinity for their respective binding proteins.
An excess of activator proteins compensating for an increased number of silencer sequences present upstream.
A balanced number of enhancers and silencers equally attracting activators and repressors respectively.
Enhancers bound by activator proteins outcompeting nearby silencer regions bound by repressor proteins.
In what way do post-translational modifications alter protein function within specialized cells after translation occurs?
Adding additional nucleotides at the end of the coding chain to role in synthesis
Changing conformational structure to expose active sites and modulate interactions
Incorrect synthesizing complementary strands to stabilize structures
Incorrect integration of plasmid vectors into the host genome
How might natural selection act upon a regulatory sequence variant near a gene involved in immune response?
Natural selection invariably results in conserving original regulatory sequences minimizing chances for variants.
If it enhances immune function, it may be positively selected due to increased survival against pathogens.
The variant affects only non-coding regions hence is selectively neutral regardless of pathogen exposure.
The variant always leads to autoimmune diseases resulting in negative selection against carriers.