Natural Selection

The embryo undergoes spiral cleavage during early development.

The anus develops before the mouth during early embryogenesis.

The embryo undergoes radial cleavage during early development.

The mouth develops before the anus during early embryogenesis.

Occurrence hair follicles molecular level only observed cetacean embryos indicating retention certain mammalian characteristics despite aquatic habitat...

Presence limb buds similar those found land-dwelling vertebrates during early development stages before regressing...

Alignment major organs same sequence both fetal cetaceans corresponding terrestrial counterparts appearing randomly various times throughout gestation period...

Similarities skin structure function between newborn whales adult land mammals suggesting convergent rather than divergent evolutionary paths...

Immediate speciation due to drastic changes in metabolic rates.

Increased energy availability possibly leading to greater organismal complexity.

No significant evolutionary change since ATP production is not linked to fitness.

A universal switch from aerobic to anaerobic respiration across all descendants.

mRNA transcripts

exons

introns

DNA polymerase

Use multiple types of independently derived characters, including morphological, biochemical, and behavioral datasets, together with molecular markers, to analyze the tree of life patterns, deeper branches, and elucidate more accurate histories of complex groupings and diversification.

Relying purely on the fossil record does not provide sufficient resolution to determine the exact branching order of ancient clades, despite its incompleteness and potential biases.

Exclusively depending on a single type of character, such as ribosomal RNA sequencing, universally applied as a standard for comparing distantly related organisms, regardless of context or additional information.

Implementing a strict consensus method that combines the results of various discordant topologies into one unambiguous representation of a universal tree, disregarding the underlying causes of divergence.

Introns

Radioactive labels

No exons

mRNA built-in

structures from a common ancestor that provide no use now

structures from a different ancestor that are useless to survival

structures from the same ancestor that is useful to survival

structures from a different ancestor that provides no use

Immediate cellular immortality caused by the elimination of cell death processes.

Unchanged rate of evolutionary advancement as the endosymbiotic relationship had limited impact on overall energetics.

Enhanced respiratory capacity allowing for rapid adaptations to environmental changes, including higher oxygen levels.

The ability to undergo multicellularity without the need for other cellular differentiations or signaling systems.

Genetic diversity will increase as natural selection favors new mutations post-bottleneck.

Heterozygosity increases because allele frequencies shift unpredictably during bottlenecks.

There is no change in genetic diversity as population size does not relate to genetic variation.

Genetic diversity will likely be reduced due to the smaller gene pool available during the bottleneck.

Lamarck focused on the survival aspect in populations over time, while Darwin emphasized the role of mutations in creating new species.

Lamarck proposed that only advantageous traits are preserved through use and disuse, whereas Darwin suggested that all traits can be inherited regardless of their use.

Lamarck argued that speciation occurs through gradual changes over long periods, whereas Darwin asserted that speciation results from periodic rapid changes.

Lamarck believed traits acquired during an organism's lifetime could be passed on to offspring, while Darwin argued for heritable variation and differential survival.