Natural Selection
How does polyploidy contribute to plant speciation?
By providing increased resistance against pathogens in polyploid plants leading them to outcompete diploids species-wise.
By creating reproductive isolation due to differences in chromosome numbers between polyploid and diploid plants.
By allowing polyploid plants to withstand harsher environments compared to their diploid counterparts.
By increasing genetic diversity within a plant population through random mutations only in polyploid individuals.
Evolution occurs due to changes in __ frequencies in a population.
Allele
Environmental
Species
Selection
Which metabolic pathway can proceed without any external supply of oxygen and results in lactate or ethanol production?
Light-dependent reactions
Anaerobic respiration (fermentation)
Aerobic cellular respiration
Calvin cycle
In a population where antibiotic resistance has emerged, what evolutionary mechanism might be inferred if sensitive and resistant bacteria are both maintained over many generations?
Founder effect
Bottleneck effect
Heterozygote advantage
Genetic drift
What evolutionary concept explains how non-beneficial mutations can become fixed in a small population?
Gene Flow
Genetic Drift.
Bottle Neck Effect
Natural Selection
What is the term for the process where two unrelated species evolve similar traits due to similar environmental pressures?
artificial selection
divergent evolution
adaptation
convergent evolution
In an isolated bird population where long beaks are favored due to deep flowers with nectar reserves, which research method would best help identify the underlying genetic mechanism for beak length variation?
Comparing average beak lengths between generations without examining the associated genotypes.
Documenting flower depth variations over time without correlating this data with changes in beak length genetics.
Analyzing stomach contents of birds with different beak lengths to infer dietary preferences rather than genetic correlations.
Sequencing genomes from birds with various beak lengths and conducting a genome-wide association study (GWAS) to correlate specific genetic markers with beak size traits.

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Which of the following is an example of coevolution?
A plant species and its pollinator species developing specific adaptations for mutual benefit
A population of birds adapting to different food sources on different islands
A species developing resistance to an antibiotic over time
A predator and prey species developing camouflage to blend into their surroundings
Given that global temperatures are rising, which adaptation would most likely become more common in wild rabbit populations living in temperate regions?
Darker fur color mutations allowing for more heat absorption from sunlight.
Shorter fur length variants due to warmer temperatures necessitating less insulation.
Increased body size leading to lower surface-area-to-volume ratio for better heat conservation.
Longer fur length variants because colder winters require greater warmth retention.
Which of the following best describes the role of oxygen in aerobic cellular respiration?
Direct product of the Krebs cycle
Primary energy source for ATP synthase
Initial reactant in glycolysis
Final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain