Ecology

Increased nutrients can lead to greater fish abundance due to higher primary productivity supporting more secondary consumers.

Eutrophication can cause algal blooms that deplete oxygen, leading to fish kills and changes in trophic dynamics.

Eutrophication typically increases water clarity, enhancing photosynthesis for aquatic plants at deeper depths.

Fertilizer runoff usually has little effect on food webs because aquatic systems are adept at filtering out excess nutrients naturally.

Parasites will show reduced virulence as they adapt to diverse hosts.

The parasites may experience selective pressure to overcome host resistance mechanisms.

The parasites will decrease in number due to lack of suitable hosts.

The genetic diversity has no significant effect on parasite evolution.

Community

Ecosystem

Species

Population

Heterotroph

Decomposer

Autotroph

Carnivore

An increase in homozygosity within one population as evidenced by pedigree charts spanning multiple generations.

Presence of unique alleles exclusive to one population following geographic isolation events.

Detection of shared alleles between populations that were previously distinct genetically.

A decrease in genetic diversity within one population due to genetic drift.

Energy transfer efficiency increases as it moves up trophic levels, supporting larger populations at higher levels.

Predators increase the energy available to them by selectively feeding on prey from multiple trophic levels.

Equal amounts of energy are available at each trophic level, promoting uniform community structures across ecosystems.

Only a small percentage of energy is transferred to the next trophic level, leading to fewer organisms at higher levels.

No significant change as invasive plant species do not generally alter hydrological cycles.

Groundwater levels would rise due to reduced transpiration rates compared to native plants.

It could lower groundwater levels by increasing water uptake compared to native shallow-rooted species.

It might cause short-term fluctuations that quickly stabilize without long-term effects on groundwater levels.

They convert solar energy into chemical energy through chlorophyll-based pathways.

They fix atmospheric nitrogen making it available for plant use.

They consume primary producers and recycle their nutrients up the food chain via predation.

They break down dead organic matter releasing nutrients that can be reused by primary producers.

Predators may evolve resistance to the chemical defense.

Predators will switch to an entirely different ecosystem.

Predators will inevitably go extinct due to lack of food.

The mutation rate in the predator's DNA will significantly increase.

Energy flow might remain unchanged despite the addition of a new top predator, considering potential shifts in diet preferences and compensatory mechanisms of existing fauna.

Specialist top predator's presence would necessarily lead to greater biodiversity maintenance via tighter prey specialization, hence improved energy utilization.

The space requirement for unspecialized populations could result in decreased overall system productivity because of increased inter-trophic level consumption pressure.

There may be more efficient use of available biomass at higher trophic levels, as generalists can exploit multiple prey sources across several layers.