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What are the basic steps involved in mass spectroscopy?
Ionization, acceleration, deflection, and detection.
Outline the Aufbau principle.
Electrons first fill the lowest energy orbitals available.
What is the effect of increased effective nuclear charge on atomic radius?
Increased effective nuclear charge pulls electrons closer, decreasing atomic radius.
What is the effect of adding an electron to an atom with high electron affinity?
Energy is released (exothermic process).
What is the effect of increased distance between charged particles (Coulomb's Law)?
The force of attraction/repulsion decreases.
What is the effect of increasing the number of protons in the nucleus?
Increases the nuclear charge, leading to greater attraction for electrons.
What are the key differences between homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures?
Homogeneous: Uniform composition throughout. | Heterogeneous: Non-uniform composition.
What are the differences between ionic and covalent bonds?
Ionic bonds: Transfer of electrons between metal and nonmetal. | Covalent bonds: Sharing of electrons between two nonmetals.
Differentiate between atomic radius and ionic radius.
Atomic radius: Distance from nucleus to valence electrons in a neutral atom. | Ionic radius: Distance from nucleus to valence electrons in an ion.
Compare and contrast electron affinity and ionization energy.
Electron affinity: Energy change when an electron is added. | Ionization energy: Energy required to remove an electron.