All Flashcards
What is the definition of Resonance?
Resonance is when a single Lewis structure cannot fully represent the bonding in a molecule, and the true structure is a hybrid of multiple resonance structures.
What is bond order?
Bond order is the number of chemical bonds between a pair of atoms. It can be a fraction in molecules exhibiting resonance.
What is the definition of Formal Charge?
Formal charge is the charge assigned to an atom in a molecule, assuming that electrons in all chemical bonds are shared equally between atoms.
What is a resonance hybrid?
A resonance hybrid is the actual electronic structure of a molecule or ion, which is represented by a combination of several resonance structures.
What is the formula for calculating formal charge?
Formal Charge = (Valence Electrons) - (Lone Pair Electrons) - (Number of Bonds)
Label the resonance structures of the nitrate ion ().
1: Nitrogen atom, 2: Oxygen atoms, 3: Single bond, 4: Double bond, 5: Lone pairs, 6: Negative charge
Label the key components in the formal charge calculation diagram for SCN-.
1: Sulfur (S), 2: Carbon (C), 3: Nitrogen (N), 4: Single bond, 5: Triple bond, 6: Lone pairs
Label the structure of the phosphate ion () before optimization.
1: Phosphorus atom, 2: Oxygen atoms, 3: Single bonds, 4: Lone pairs, 5: +1 Formal Charge on P, 6: -1 Formal Charge on O
Label the structure of the phosphate ion () after optimization.
1: Phosphorus atom, 2: Oxygen atoms, 3: Single bonds, 4: Double bond, 5: Lone pairs, 6: Formal charge of 0 on P and one O, -1 on the other three O
Label the completed Lewis structure diagram for .
1: Sulfur (S) atoms, 2: Chlorine (Cl) atoms, 3: Single bonds, 4: Lone pairs on S, 5: Lone pairs on Cl
What are the steps to identify resonance?
- Count valence electrons. 2. Draw the basic structure with single bonds. 3. Adjust for octets by converting single bonds to double bonds where needed. 4. Draw all possible resonance structures.
How do you calculate bond order in resonance structures?
Bond Order = (Total number of bonds) / (Number of bond locations)
What are the steps to determine the most stable Lewis structure using formal charge?
- Draw all possible Lewis structures. 2. Calculate the formal charge for each atom in each structure. 3. Choose the structure with the lowest formal charges, with negative charges on the most electronegative atoms.
How do you draw resonance structures for ?
- Draw N connected to three O atoms with single bonds. 2. Add lone pairs to complete octets. 3. Convert one single bond to a double bond, and draw all three possible arrangements with a double-headed arrow between them.
How do you optimize a Lewis Structure?
Calculate formal charges, and then reduce formal charges on atoms by forming double or triple bonds if possible. The most stable structure usually has the lowest formal charges, with negative charges on the most electronegative atoms.