Molecular and Ionic Bonding

Resonance occurs when there is no possible Lewis structure representation for a given molecule.

If there are multiple ways to represent a molecule with a Lewis structure.

If there is only one way to represent it using a Lewis structure.

If all atoms within a compound have zero formal charge.

H₂O

None of these have resonance structures

CCl₄

CO₃²-

2+

2-

1-

1+

Analyzing reactivity differences between propane, propene, and propyne under UV light.

Measuring reaction rates for sodium hydride reactions with methanol, ethanol, propanol, and butanol.

Testing solubility variations between glucose, fructose, galactose, and sucrose in water.

Comparing chloromethane (CH3Cl), chloroform (CHCl3), dichloromethane (CH2Cl2), and carbon tetrachloride (CCl4).

O₃

CO

CO₂

NH⁴+

Does the presence of a carbonyl group affect the solubility of aldehydes versus ketones in water?

What is the difference in boiling points between ethylene glycol and butan-2-ol?

How do pH changes affect the rate of hydrolysis of acetyl chloride in water?

How does the heat of hydrogenation vary among 1,3-butadiene, cyclopentadiene, and 1,3-cyclohexadiene?

\# valence electrons - (# of lone electrons - # of bonds)

\# valence electrons - (# of bonds - # of lone electrons)

\# valence electrons + (# of lone electrons + # of bonds)

\# valence electrons - (# of lone electrons + # of bonds)

Ozone (O3)

Water (H2O)

Sodium Chloride (NaCl)

Methane (CH4)

The structures where sulfur has a formal charge of zero and each oxygen atom carries a -0.5 charge through delocalized electrons.

Structures where one oxygen atom holds a -1 charge while others are neutral emphasizing localized double bonds.

A single structure where sulfur has a +2 formal charge distributing electron density unevenly across oxygens.

Any structure where each oxygen atom has a -1 formal charge disregarding sulfur’s valence shell expansion ability.

One triple bond, one lone pair on sulfur

One double bond, one single bond, and a lone pair on sulfur

Two double bonds to sulfur

Two single bonds to sulfur