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  2. AP Chemistry
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How do you calculate pH from [H+][H^+][H+]?

pH = -log[H+][H^+][H+]

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How do you calculate pH from [H+][H^+][H+]?

pH = -log[H+][H^+][H+]

How do you calculate pOH from [OH−][OH^-][OH−]?

pOH = -log[OH−][OH^-][OH−]

How do you calculate KaK_aKa​ from pKapK_apKa​?

Ka=10−pKaK_a = 10^{-pK_a}Ka​=10−pKa​

How do you calculate KbK_bKb​ from pKbpK_bpKb​?

Kb=10−pKbK_b = 10^{-pK_b}Kb​=10−pKb​

Describe the process of titration.

A solution of known concentration (titrant) is added to a solution of unknown concentration (analyte) until the reaction is complete, usually indicated by a color change or pH meter.

How to determine pH using the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation?

pH = pKa + log[A−]/[HA][A^-]/[HA][A−]/[HA], where [A−][A^-][A−] is the concentration of the conjugate base and [HA][HA][HA] is the concentration of the weak acid.

Define acid.

Substances with a pH less than 7 that donate H+ ions.

Define base.

Substances with a pH greater than 7 that accept H+ ions.

Define pH.

A measure of the concentration of free protons (H+) in a solution.

Define pOH.

A measure of the concentration of hydroxide ions (OH-) in a solution.

Define buffer.

A solution that resists changes in pH when small amounts of acid or base are added, composed of a weak acid/base and its conjugate.

Define KaK_aKa​.

Acid dissociation constant; measures the strength of a weak acid.

Define KbK_bKb​.

Base dissociation constant; measures the strength of a weak base.

Compare strong acids and weak acids.

Strong acids: completely dissociate in water, high [H+][H^+][H+] | Weak acids: partially dissociate, lower [H+][H^+][H+]

Compare strong bases and weak bases.

Strong bases: completely dissociate in water, high [OH−][OH^-][OH−] | Weak bases: partially dissociate, lower [OH−][OH^-][OH−]

Compare pH and pOH.

pH: measures acidity, pH = -log[H+][H^+][H+] | pOH: measures basicity, pOH = -log[OH−][OH^-][OH−]

Compare KaK_aKa​ and KbK_bKb​.

KaK_aKa​: acid dissociation constant, measures acid strength | KbK_bKb​: base dissociation constant, measures base strength

Compare equivalence point and half-equivalence point in a titration.

Equivalence point: acid and base have completely reacted | Half-equivalence point: pH = pKa (weak acid), pOH = pKb (weak base)