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How do you calculate ΔS° for a reaction?
ΔS°rxn = ΣnS°products - ΣnS°reactants, where n = stoichiometric coefficient and S° = standard molar entropy.
Differentiate between a positive and negative ΔS°.
ΔS° > 0: Reaction increases disorder. | ΔS° < 0: Reaction decreases disorder.
Compare the entropy of solids, liquids, and gases.
Solids have the lowest entropy, liquids have intermediate entropy, and gases have the highest entropy: Ssolid < Sliquid < Sgas.
What is the effect of increasing the number of moles of gas in a reaction?
It usually results in a positive ΔS° (increased disorder).
What is the effect of a negative ΔS° and negative ΔH at low temperatures?
The reaction is spontaneous.