Intermolecular Forces and Properties

The mobile phase.

The gas phase if present in the system.

The solid phase.

The liquid phase no matter where it is located.

To act as a stationary phase

To increase the temperature for separation

To transport the sample through the stationary phase

To permanently bind with the sample

Altering has no significant effect since charge density resin sites remains constant over wide range conditions thereby maintaining consistent affinity levels among diverse ion populations encountered during analysis.

Changing pH could either shorten lengthen depending whether adjusted towards away analyte's pKa resulting enhanced or diminished interaction resin function groups respectively.

Adjustments invariably compel all types sampled entities behave identically respect flow dynamics encompassed method application neglecting consider variation influences exerted distinct molecular structures bear upon overall system efficiency utility.

Altered leads indiscriminate increase general attributed solely heightened electrical conductivity introduced via addition excess H+ OH– ions found altered buffers used modifying running parameters accordingly.

It would have an identical Rf value as molecular weight solely determines this.

It would have a lower Rf value because of stronger intermolecular forces.

It would have a higher Rf value due to increased vapor pressure.

It would have a varying Rf value not predictable by intermolecular forces.

Metallic bonds

Covalent bonds

Van der Waals forces

Ionic bonds

Switching the standard cuvette concentrations while setting up the spectrophotometer

Leaving fingerprints on a cuvette

Inserting a cuvette sideways

Recording the concentration of the sample as 10 times greater than its actual value

Hydrogen bonding

Ionic bonding

Covalent bonding

London dispersion forces

Hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity balance within compound structure.

Presence absence chemical functional groups

The total number carbon atoms present inside molecular structure

molecular symmetry asymmetry

They would evaporate

They would stain into glassware if spotted below water level

They would release toxic fumes at lower levels

Because they would dissolve into water if submerged

Lipophilic substances will travel further since they are less attracted to the water-based mobile phase than hydrophilic substances are.

No differentiation occurs because paper chromatography cannot distinguish between different categories of molecular polarity effectively.

Hydrophilic substances will travel further up the paper than lipophilic substances due to stronger solvent-substrate interactions.

Both types of substances remain at baseline because water only functions effectively as a universal solvent with salts and sugars primarily.