Intermolecular Forces and Properties
Given that the solubility product (Ksp) values vary across different salts, which of these factors best accounts for an anomalously low Ksp in some transition metal hydroxides?
High charge density leading to increased lattice energy
Larger atomic radii decreasing ion-dipole interactions
Smaller ion sizes reducing crystal defect formation
Lower hydration enthalpy for larger ions
When comparing salts containing common ions, what could predictably affect their respective Ksp values?
Differences in lattice energy due to varying ion charges and sizes
The phase at room temperature between various salts
The difference in melting points between salts
The color change when each salt is dissolved in water
What is a supersaturated solution?
A solution that contains the maximum amount of solute that can dissolve at a given temperature.
A solution with less solute than can be dissolved at a specific temperature
A homogeneous mixture where the particles are evenly mixed and the solute is uniformly distributed within the solvent.
A solution where more solute than can normally be dissolved in the solvent is present.
Upon mixing aqueous solutions of Ba(NO3)2 and Na2SO4, a precipitate forms; what is most likely occurring in this reaction?
Double displacement producing soluble sodium nitrate only
Reaction forming soluble barium sulfide
Formation of BaSO4 as an insoluble salt
Decomposition of barium nitrate into barium oxide and nitrogen dioxide gases
What happens when more solvent is added to a saturated solution?
The boiling point of the solution significantly increases immediately.
Invisible clathrate structures form trapping solvent molecules.
Soluble material spontaneously precipitates until saturation is restored.
The amount of soluble material remains unchanged but concentration decreases.
Which of the following substances is most soluble in water?
Ethanol (CH₃CH₂OH)
Carbon tetrafluoride (CFâ‚„)
Liquid Bromine (Brâ‚‚)
Calcium Carbonate (CaCO₃)
Which statement best describes a saturated solution?
A dilute solution with low concentration of solute.
A mixture that has not reached equilibrium between dissolved solute and undissolved solid.
A solution where no solvent is present.
A solution that cannot dissolve any more solute at a given temperature and pressure.

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How does the addition of a common ion affect the solubility of a sparingly soluble salt when compared to its solubility without the added ion?
Increases the solubility by reducing interference from other ions.
Increases the rate at which equilibrium is reached but does not change solubility.
Does not affect solubility as long as pH remains constant.
Decreases the solubility due to the common ion effect.
What type of intermolecular force is primarily responsible for the solubility of NaCl in water?
London dispersion forces
Hydrogen bonding
Dipole-dipole forces
Ion-dipole forces
Which transition metal cation is most likely to have a lower solubility for its sulfide salt in water due to the formation of a more stable half-filled d subshell?
Mn^2+
Co^2+
Fe^2+
Ni^2+