Applications of Thermodynamics

Catalyst

Product reagent

Excess reactant

Limiting reactant

The selectivity can be higher or lower under either control, depending on the specific reaction.

The selectivity is always higher under thermodynamic control.

The selectivity is always higher under kinetic control.

The selectivity is not affected by whether a reaction is under thermodynamic or kinetic control.

The rate of the reaction generally increases due to more frequent effective collisions between reactants.

Reaction rates decrease as excess reactants can inhibit catalytic processes if present beyond optimal levels.

The rate decreases because there is less space for molecular movement in solution.

There's no significant change unless temperature or pressure also changes simultaneously.

Activation Energy (Ea)

Entropy (S)

Gibbs Free Energy (G)

Enthalpy (H)

Argon (Ar)

Calcium (Ca)

Potassium (K)

Chlorine (Cl)

Both are under kinetic control due to varying activation energies.

The first is under thermodynamic control; the second is under kinetic control.

The first is under kinetic control; the second is under thermodynamic control.

Both are under thermodynamic control since they reach completion.

A catalyst only affects thermodynamically controlled reactions by changing final products favored at end of reaction pathway not rate which those formations occur as would be case if influencing kinetics instead.

Catalysts are irrelevant to chemical equilibria because altered either dynamic kinetics behind how quickly reach such balance point nor thermoenergetics tability products compared reactants when there finally do arrive.

A catalyst lowers activation energy speeding up BOTH kinetically AND thermodynamically controlled reactions however doesn't change position end state those reactive pathways achieve once complete.

Catalyst only impacts reaction under kinetic control increasing rate those proceed or quantity product formed while having no effect whatsoever on the position equilibrium reached after completion process.

Equilibrium-controlled

Activation-controlled

Kinetically controlled

Thermodynamically controlled

The amount of reactants equals the amount of products.

All catalysts become inactive.

The system reaches maximum entropy.

The rate of the forward reaction equals the rate of reverse reaction.

Nitrogen (N) and Phosphorus (P)

Sodium (Na) and Chlorine (Cl)

Magnesium (Mg) and Carbon (C)

Oxygen (O) and Sulfur (S)