All Flashcards
Parliamentary vs. Presidential: Executive selection?
Parliamentary: Legislature chooses executive. Presidential: Voters directly elect executive.
Parliamentary vs. Presidential: Head of state/government?
Parliamentary: Separate (PM/Monarch). Presidential: Combined in President.
Presidential vs. Semi-Presidential: Executive Power?
Presidential: President holds most executive power. Semi-Presidential: Power shared between President and PM.
Parliamentary vs. Semi-Presidential: Executive Accountability?
Parliamentary: Executive accountable to legislature. Semi-Presidential: PM accountable to legislature, President less so.
Presidential vs. Parliamentary: Stability?
Presidential: Fixed terms offer stability. Parliamentary: Can face votes of no confidence.
Presidential vs. Semi-Presidential: Dual Executive?
Presidential: Single executive (President). Semi-Presidential: Dual executive (President and PM).
Parliamentary vs. Presidential: Separation of Powers?
Parliamentary: Fusion of powers. Presidential: Separation of powers.
Semi-Presidential vs. Presidential: Executive Legitimacy?
Semi-Presidential: Dual source of legitimacy (President elected, PM appointed). Presidential: Single source (President elected).
Parliamentary vs. Semi-Presidential: Executive Structure?
Parliamentary: Single executive (Prime Minister). Semi-Presidential: Dual executive (President and Prime Minister).
Presidential vs. Parliamentary: Executive Term Length?
Presidential: Fixed term. Parliamentary: Depends on confidence of legislature.
Cause: Parliamentary System, Effect?
Cause: Legislative dominance. Effect: Greater government efficiency due to alignment with the legislature.
Cause: Presidential System, Effect?
Cause: Separation of powers. Effect: Potential for gridlock between executive and legislative branches.
Cause: Vote of No Confidence, Effect?
Cause: Loss of legislative support. Effect: Potential instability and change in government.
Cause: Fixed Presidential Term, Effect?
Cause: Set term length. Effect: Greater stability in the executive branch.
Cause: Strong Bureaucracy, Effect?
Cause: Well-organized administration. Effect: Efficient implementation of policies.
Cause: Weak Judiciary, Effect?
Cause: Lack of judicial independence. Effect: Inconsistent application of laws.
Cause: Divided Government (Presidential), Effect?
Cause: Executive and legislative branches controlled by different parties. Effect: Policy gridlock.
Cause: Fusion of Powers (Parliamentary), Effect?
Cause: Executive and legislative branches intertwined. Effect: Efficient policymaking.
Cause: High Legitimacy, Effect?
Cause: Public trust in government. Effect: Political stability.
Cause: Low Legitimacy, Effect?
Cause: Public distrust in government. Effect: Political instability.
Define Parliamentary System.
Legislative branch chooses the executive (Prime Minister).
Define Presidential System.
Executive is separate from legislative/judicial. President is head of state and government.
Define Semi-Presidential System.
Combines elements of parliamentary and presidential systems.
Define Executive Branch.
Enforces laws and manages the bureaucracy.
Define Bureaucracy.
System of administration for executing laws.
Define Legislative Branch.
Lawmaking body (parliament or congress).
Define Judicial Branch.
Interprets and analyzes laws.
Define Legitimacy.
The degree to which people accept the government's authority.
What is meant by 'head of state'?
The official representative of a country, often a symbolic role.
What is meant by 'head of government'?
The person responsible for the day-to-day running of the government.