Political Institutions

The executive is directly elected by the people.

The executive is chosen independently of the legislature.

The legislative branch (parliament) chooses the executive (prime minister).

The executive has no real power.

In a presidential system, the president is only a ceremonial figurehead, while in a semi-presidential system, the president holds significant power.

In a presidential system, the president is both head of state and head of government, whereas in a semi-presidential system, these roles are typically divided between a president and a prime minister.

In a presidential system, the president is chosen by the legislature, while in a semi-presidential system, the president is directly elected by the people.

There is no difference; the president's role is identical in both systems.

The United Kingdom, where the Prime Minister is the head of government and is selected by the Monarch.

Mexico, where the President is both head of state and head of government and is directly elected by the people.

Russia, where there is a President and a Prime Minister, each with different roles.

Nigeria, where the President is both head of state and head of government but is subject to term limits.

Legislative

Judicial

Executive

Bureaucracy

The executive branch has no role in proposing legislation; that is solely the responsibility of the legislative branch.

The executive branch sometimes proposes laws, in addition to enforcing them.

The executive branch always proposes all laws, which the legislative branch then approves or rejects.

The executive branch only proposes laws related to the judicial system.

The executive in the UK, as a Prime Minister, generally has more direct power than the executive in Mexico, as the UK Prime Minister also controls the legislative agenda.

The executive in Mexico, as a President, generally has more power than the executive in the UK, as the Mexican President is both head of state and head of government.

The powers are exactly the same; both executives have equal authority.

The executive in the UK has more power because the UK has a written constitution.

Enforcing laws

Interpreting laws

Making laws

Managing the bureaucracy

Legislative bodies are all the same; they all consist of a single chamber.

Legislative bodies can be unicameral (one chamber) or bicameral (two chambers).

Legislative bodies only exist in presidential systems.

Legislative bodies are always appointed, never elected.

China has a bicameral legislature, while the UK has a unicameral legislature, leading to more representation of diverse interests in China.

China has a unicameral legislature dominated by the Communist Party, while the UK has a bicameral legislature with more diverse representation, leading to different policymaking dynamics.

Both China and the UK have bicameral legislatures with similar policymaking processes.

The UK legislature is appointed, while the Chinese legislature is directly elected, leading to more democratic policymaking in China.

Executive

Legislative

Judicial

Bureaucracy