What are natural resources?
Materials occurring in nature that can be exploited for economic gain (oil, gas, minerals, etc.).
What is a rentier state?
A country that derives a substantial portion of its revenue from rents on natural resources.
Define the 'Resource Curse'.
The paradox that countries with abundant natural resources often experience less economic growth and worse development outcomes.
What is meant by 'national interests' in resource management?
A country's goals related to security, economic prosperity, and power in the international system, influencing resource policy.
What is meant by 'global pressures' in resource management?
The influence of international markets, organizations, and agreements on how a country manages its natural resources.
What is meant by 'corruption'?
Dishonest or fraudulent conduct by those in power, often involving bribery or embezzlement of public funds.
What is meant by 'accountability'?
The obligation of those in power to be answerable for their actions and decisions, promoting transparency and responsibility.
What is meant by 'economic growth'?
An increase in the amount of goods and services produced per head of the population over a period of time.
What is meant by 'political stability'?
The degree to which a government is resistant to being overthrown, either violently or non-violently.
What is meant by 'social development'?
The process of improving people's well-being and quality of life, including health, education, and living standards.
How do rentier states differ from states with diversified economies?
Rentier states rely heavily on resource rents; diversified economies have multiple revenue sources.
Compare the impact of natural resources on Iran and Nigeria.
Both face corruption and instability, but Iran has a more developed industrial sector despite sanctions.
What is the difference between national and global interests in resource management?
National interests prioritize domestic needs; global interests consider international trade and environmental concerns.
How does the type of natural resource affect a country's development?
Oil and gas can generate high revenues but also lead to corruption; renewable resources may promote sustainable development.
Compare the political stability of rentier states to non-rentier states.
Rentier states may experience instability due to resource wealth and corruption; non-rentier states rely on other factors.
How do rentier states differ in their approach to social development?
Some invest in education and healthcare; others prioritize elite enrichment and neglect social needs.
Compare the levels of corruption between rentier and non-rentier states.
Rentier states often experience higher levels of corruption due to resource wealth; non-rentier states rely on other factors.
How do the levels of accountability differ between rentier and non-rentier states?
Rentier states often have lower levels of accountability due to resource wealth; non-rentier states rely on other factors.
Compare the levels of economic diversification between rentier and non-rentier states.
Rentier states often have lower levels of economic diversification due to resource wealth; non-rentier states rely on other factors.
How do government revenue sources differ between rentier and non-rentier states?
Rentier states rely on resource rents; non-rentier states rely on taxes and other sources.
What are the causes and effects of the 'Resource Curse'?
Cause: Reliance on resource revenue, Effect: Corruption, lack of diversification, instability.
How does globalization affect resource-rich countries?
Cause: Increased access to markets, Effect: Greater competition, pressure to exploit resources rapidly.
What are the causes and effects of corruption in rentier states?
Cause: Abundant resource wealth, Effect: Reduced accountability, poor governance, unequal distribution of wealth.
What are the causes and effects of a lack of economic diversification in rentier states?
Cause: Over-reliance on resource revenue, Effect: Vulnerability to price fluctuations, limited job creation in other sectors.
How does resource wealth affect political stability?
Cause: Competition for control of resources, Effect: Political instability, conflict, authoritarianism.
What are the causes and effects of social unrest in rentier states?
Cause: Unequal distribution of wealth, lack of accountability, Effect: Protests, revolutions, political instability.
How does resource dependence affect a country's foreign policy?
Cause: Need to maintain resource exports, Effect: Aligning with powerful countries, vulnerability to sanctions.
What are the causes and effects of environmental degradation in resource-rich countries?
Cause: Resource extraction, Effect: Pollution, deforestation, loss of biodiversity.
How does resource wealth affect a country's democratic development?
Cause: Reduced need for taxation, Effect: Weakened accountability, limited democratic participation.
What are the causes and effects of international sanctions on rentier states?
Cause: Violations of international norms, Effect: Economic hardship, political instability, reduced resource exports.
