Glossary
Charismatic Leadership
A form of leadership where authority is derived from the leader's exceptional personal qualities, inspiring devotion and obedience from followers.
Example:
A leader who captivates the public with their powerful speeches and vision often embodies charismatic leadership.
Corruption
The abuse of entrusted power for private gain, often leading to public distrust and a loss of government legitimacy.
Example:
When government officials accept bribes for contracts, it is a clear sign of corruption that erodes public trust.
Delegation of Powers
The act of entrusting specific authority or tasks from a higher body to a lower one, or from one branch of government to another.
Example:
When a legislature authorizes an executive agency to create specific regulations, it is an act of delegation of powers.
Devolution
The transfer of powers and responsibilities from a central government to regional or local governments.
Example:
The UK's decision to grant more legislative powers to the Scottish Parliament is an example of devolution.
Economic Issues
Significant problems within a country's economy, such as high unemployment, inflation, or recession, that can lead to public dissatisfaction and unrest.
Example:
A government facing widespread poverty and a shrinking middle class often struggles with economic issues that threaten its legitimacy.
Lack of Free and Fair Elections
Electoral processes that are not conducted transparently, impartially, or without coercion, undermining public confidence in the democratic system.
Example:
When ballot stuffing or voter intimidation occurs, it signifies a lack of free and fair elections.
Legitimacy
The belief by the public that a government's exercise of power is rightful and proper, giving it the authority to rule.
Example:
When citizens widely accept the results of an election, it strengthens the government's legitimacy.
Political Efficacy
The belief that one's political participation matters and can influence government decisions.
Example:
Citizens who feel their vote can genuinely change policy outcomes demonstrate high political efficacy.
Rational-Legal Legitimacy
Authority based on a system of well-defined laws, rules, and procedures, where power is exercised through established institutions rather than personal charisma or tradition.
Example:
A modern democracy where leaders are elected according to a constitution and laws operates primarily on rational-legal legitimacy.
Rule of Law
The principle that all individuals and institutions, including the government, are subject to and accountable under the law.
Example:
When a country's highest court can overturn a presidential decree, it demonstrates a strong commitment to the rule of law.
Social Strife
Intense conflict or discord within a society, often along ethnic, religious, or class lines, which can destabilize a government and erode its authority.
Example:
Persistent clashes between different religious groups in a country can escalate into social strife, challenging the government's ability to maintain order.
Strong Economic Growth
A period of significant increase in a country's economic output and prosperity, which can enhance public satisfaction with the government.
Example:
A government that oversees a booming tech sector and low unemployment often gains strong economic growth as a source of public approval.
Traditional Legitimacy
Authority based on long-established customs, traditions, and historical continuity, often associated with hereditary rule or religious authority.
Example:
A monarchy whose power is accepted because it has always been that way for generations relies on traditional legitimacy.