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  1. AP Comparative Government
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Glossary

E

Environmental Degradation

Criticality: 2

The deterioration of the environment through depletion of resources, destruction of ecosystems, and pollution, often a side effect of rapid economic development.

Example:

The widespread deforestation in the Amazon rainforest for agricultural expansion is a significant form of environmental degradation that impacts global climate patterns.

F

Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)

Criticality: 3

An investment made by a company or individual from one country into business interests located in another country.

Example:

A German car manufacturer building a new factory in Mexico is an example of Foreign Direct Investment, bringing capital and jobs to the host country.

G

Globalization

Criticality: 3

The increasing interconnectedness of the world through the flow of goods, services, capital, people, and ideas across national borders.

Example:

The global spread of pop music and fashion trends through social media platforms is a clear illustration of globalization in action.

M

Multinational Corporations (MNCs)

Criticality: 3

Companies that own or control production of goods or services in more than one country.

Example:

Coca-Cola, with bottling plants and sales operations in nearly every country worldwide, is a classic example of a Multinational Corporation.

P

Political and Economic Pressures

Criticality: 2

The use of diplomatic, financial, or trade-related leverage by one country or international body to influence the policies or actions of another country.

Example:

When a group of countries imposes trade sanctions on a nation due to its human rights record, they are exerting political and economic pressures to compel policy change.

S

Sovereignty

Criticality: 3

A country's power to rule itself without outside interference, signifying its independence and control over its own affairs.

Example:

When a nation decides its own tax rates and educational curriculum without approval from any other country, it demonstrates its sovereignty.

U

United Nations (UN)

Criticality: 2

An international organization founded in 1945 to promote international cooperation and maintain peace and security among nations.

Example:

Nations often bring disputes over territorial claims to the United Nations to seek a peaceful resolution and uphold international law.