Political & Economic Change in Development

Serving as head of state.

Creating new legislation.

Voting in elections.

Enforcing judicial decisions.

Bilateral trade agreements made independently by member states with non-member states.

The homogeneity of cultural traditions within member countries.

The degree of political integration among member states.

Institutionalized military cooperation among all global partners regardless of membership status.

Economic nationalism

Neoliberalism

State corporatism

Import substitution industrialisation

Focus solely on female representation quotas within government positions

Institute paid parental leave policies that are equitable for all genders

Privatize childcare services to foster competitive market solutions

Distribute universal basic income regardless of employment status

It dictates the specific terms and conditions of international treaties.

It can affect the level of public support for government actions on environmental issues.

It determines the technological capacity for environmental innovation.

It solely influences local but not national environmental policies.

Autocracy

Democracy

Oligarchy

Republic

International organizations cause unilateral shifts in power away from states, lessening intergovernmental relations.

They provide platforms for civil society groups to collaborate and pressure for change.

Transnational networks uniformly decrease the effectiveness of domestic NGOs by overshadowing them.

Transnational networks erode national sovereignty since they operate outside government structures.

Absolute transfer of all judicial powers to the European Court of Justice.

Full surrendering of monetary control for non-eurozone members.

Removal of borders and facilitation of unconstrained mass migration.

Constraints placed on legal harmonization standards across member states.

International Monetary Fund

World Trade Organization

World Bank

United Nations Security Council

MNCs can pressure governments into altering labor regulations either positively or negatively depending on their practices.

Domestic labor law exclusively shaped internal political dynamics, making MNC influence nonexistent.

Multinational corporations always advocate strongly for better labor protections regardless country's existing policy stance.

MNCs presence inherently undermines all domestic labor law leading uniform global standard.