Energy Resources & Consumption

They are highly efficient, with some types having an efficiency of up to 80%

They require a constant supply of hydrogen fuel

They produce electricity with only water as a byproduct

They are quiet and have a quick start-up time

Speed up the reaction between hydrogen and oxygen

Convert carbon dioxide back into usable energy

Produce additional electrons for electricity generation

Initiate the splitting of water molecules into hydrogens

The availability and distribution network for refueling stations in urban areas only.

The speed at which new models equipped with advanced features can be brought to market.

The life cycle analysis of greenhouse gas emissions from production to disposal of the fuel cells.

The initial cost comparison between traditional combustion engines and fuel cells for consumers.

Water vapor

Ozone layer-depleting substances

Greenhouse gases

Particulate matter

Unrelated changes in urban sprawl due to new infrastructure for electricity generation.

Increased forest cover due to more demand for biomass energy sources.

Introduction of fuel production facilities may divert arable land leading to altered agricultural productivity.

Decreased demand for arable land as biofuels become obsolete.

Development of lightweight solid-state storage materials that increase energy density while being recyclable.

Use of high-pressure gas cylinders that enhance storage capacity but require significant energy for compression.

Construction of larger liquid hydrogen tanks that boost vehicle range despite increased weight.

Expansion into underground cavern storage near metropolitan areas for easy access despite geological limitations.

Electrolyte solution

Hydrogen gas input

Proton exchange membrane

Oxygen gas input

Enhanced carbon sequestration capabilities.

Increased atmospheric oxygen levels.

Decreased water vapor production.

Reduced greenhouse gas emissions.

The high energy efficiency of hydrogen fuel cells.

The abundance of water as a source for hydrogen.

High costs of producing and storing hydrogen.

Decreased carbon emissions during operation.

Mechanical to electrical

Chemical to electrical

Solar to chemical

Thermal to mechanical