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Compare Renaissance Humanism and Northern Humanism.
Renaissance Humanism focused on classical learning, individualism, and secularism, while Northern Humanism emphasized religious themes and sought to improve society through Christian principles.
Compare the New Monarchies in Western Europe and the political situation in Central Europe.
While western Europe saw the rise of centralized monarchies, the Holy Roman Empire in central Europe remained politically decentralized with many political units.
Who were Ferdinand and Isabella?
The monarchs of Spain who sponsored exploration, unified the country, and supported the Spanish Inquisition.
Who was King Henry (of Portugal)?
A Portuguese prince who sponsored voyages of exploration along the African coast, advancing maritime technology and trade.
Who was Charles V?
The Holy Roman Emperor who faced challenges from the Protestant Reformation and sought to maintain religious unity.
Who was Francis I?
The King of France and a patron of the arts who competed with Charles V for power in Europe.
Who was Henry VIII?
The King of England who broke with the Catholic Church and established the Church of England.
Who was Michelangelo?
An Italian Renaissance artist known for his sculptures, paintings, and architectural achievements, including the Sistine Chapel ceiling.
Who was Petrarch?
An Italian scholar and poet considered the 'father of humanism,' who rediscovered and promoted classical texts.
Who was Niccolò Machiavelli?
An Italian diplomat and political philosopher who wrote 'The Prince,' advocating for pragmatic and often ruthless political tactics.
Who was Jean Bodin?
A French jurist and political philosopher who advocated for strong, centralized monarchies.
Who was Jean-Baptiste Colbert?
The French Minister of Finance under Louis XIV, who implemented mercantilist policies to strengthen the French economy.
What is the definition of Renaissance?
A period of intellectual and artistic flourishing that began in Italy in the 14th century, marking a 'rebirth' of classical ideas.
What is the definition of Classical Antiquity?
The writings and art of ancient Greece and Rome, which served as inspiration during the Renaissance.
What is the definition of Humanism?
An intellectual movement emphasizing individualism, secularism, and classical learning, focusing on human potential and achievements.
What is the definition of Perspective (in art)?
A technique used in art to create the illusion of depth on a flat surface, making paintings look more lifelike.
What is the definition of Vernacular Literature?
Writing in common languages, as opposed to Latin, which increased access to knowledge during the Renaissance.
What is the definition of New Monarchies?
Kings and queens in England, France, and Spain who gained more direct power by centralizing control over taxation, armies, law courts, and religion.
What is the definition of Maritime Technology?
Sailing equipment and navigational tools that enabled European explorers to venture farther during overseas expansion.
What is the definition of Colonies?
Territories established by European powers, often focused on extracting valuable materials and exploiting Indigenous populations.
What is the definition of Columbian Exchange?
The long-term process of organisms, including plants, animals, and diseases, moving between the Eastern and Western Hemispheres.
What is the definition of Atlantic Slave Trade?
The forced trafficking of millions of enslaved Africans to the Americas, generating huge profits for European merchants and governments.
What is the definition of Market Revolution?
A shift in Europe from producing goods at home to purchasing them in markets, leading to the growth of banking, trade, and joint-stock companies.