All Flashcards
Who were Ferdinand and Isabella?
The monarchs of Spain who sponsored exploration, unified the country, and supported the Spanish Inquisition.
Who was King Henry (of Portugal)?
A Portuguese prince who sponsored voyages of exploration along the African coast, advancing maritime technology and trade.
Who was Charles V?
The Holy Roman Emperor who faced challenges from the Protestant Reformation and sought to maintain religious unity.
Who was Francis I?
The King of France and a patron of the arts who competed with Charles V for power in Europe.
Who was Henry VIII?
The King of England who broke with the Catholic Church and established the Church of England.
Who was Michelangelo?
An Italian Renaissance artist known for his sculptures, paintings, and architectural achievements, including the Sistine Chapel ceiling.
Who was Petrarch?
An Italian scholar and poet considered the 'father of humanism,' who rediscovered and promoted classical texts.
Who was Niccolò Machiavelli?
An Italian diplomat and political philosopher who wrote 'The Prince,' advocating for pragmatic and often ruthless political tactics.
Who was Jean Bodin?
A French jurist and political philosopher who advocated for strong, centralized monarchies.
Who was Jean-Baptiste Colbert?
The French Minister of Finance under Louis XIV, who implemented mercantilist policies to strengthen the French economy.
What happened during the Renaissance?
A period of renewed interest in classical art, literature, and philosophy, along with significant advancements in art, science, and culture, starting in Italy in the 14th century.
What happened with the rise of New Monarchies?
Kings and queens in England, France, and Spain consolidated power by centralizing control over taxation, armies, law courts, and religion.
What happened during the voyages of exploration?
European powers, particularly Portugal and Spain, invested in oceanic exploration, seeking new trade routes, Christian allies, and territories.
What happened during the Columbian Exchange?
A vast exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and people between the Old World (Europe, Asia, and Africa) and the New World (the Americas).
What happened during the Atlantic Slave Trade?
Millions of Africans were forcibly transported to the Americas to work on plantations and in mines, creating a brutal system of exploitation.
What happened during the Market Revolution?
A shift in Europe from producing goods at home to purchasing them in markets, leading to the growth of banking, trade, and joint-stock companies.
What was the impact of the Printing Press?
The mid-1400s saw the spread of the printing press, making texts more widely available. This helped humanist ideas spread beyond the Church and universities and increased access to knowledge.
What was the focus of Northern Humanism?
Centered in the Low Countries, Northern Humanists emphasized religious themes and looked to the Bible for inspiration. They sought to improve society through Christian principles.
What was the goal of Exploration?
Valuable trade connections, Christian allies, claiming land in the Americas and establishing trading posts in Africa and Asia.
What was the impact of Colonialism?
European missionaries encouraged Indigenous people to convert to Christianity, justifying conquests that established colonies. These colonies focused on extracting valuable materials like silver. Sadly, this led to the exploitation of Indigenous populations.
Compare Renaissance Humanism and Northern Humanism.
Renaissance Humanism focused on classical learning, individualism, and secularism, while Northern Humanism emphasized religious themes and sought to improve society through Christian principles.
Compare the New Monarchies in Western Europe and the political situation in Central Europe.
While western Europe saw the rise of centralized monarchies, the Holy Roman Empire in central Europe remained politically decentralized with many political units.