Renaissance and Exploration

A focus on strict adherence to religious dogma and the acceptance of predestination.

An emphasis on classical learning, individualism, and the potential for human achievement.

A belief in the superiority of the feudal system and the importance of manorialism.

A rejection of empirical observation and a reliance on ancient superstitions for understanding the natural world.

By promoting abstract and symbolic representations devoid of realistic detail.

By discouraging the study of classical art and literature, focusing instead on original themes.

By inspiring artists to depict the human form in a naturalistic manner and utilize techniques like perspective.

By advocating for art that served solely religious purposes, rejecting secular themes.

Northern Humanists rejected classical learning in favor of religious dogma, while Italian Humanists did the opposite.

Northern Humanists focused on secularism and individualism, while Italian Humanists emphasized religious themes.

Northern Humanists sought societal improvement through Christian principles, while Italian Humanists focused more on classical learning and secular subjects.

Northern Humanism was centered in Italy, while Italian Humanism was centered in the Low Countries.

Chiaroscuro

Fresco

Perspective

Sfumato

Michelangelo

Raphael

Donatello

Leonardo da Vinci

Patronage primarily supported religious art, limiting the scope of secular works.

Patronage had little impact on artistic production, as artists were primarily self-funded.

Commercial elites and the Church invested in art to promote themselves, supporting artists and their creations.

Patronage was exclusively controlled by the nobility, excluding commercial elites from supporting the arts.

Empowering local lords and reducing central authority.

Eliminating taxation and relying on voluntary contributions.

Supporting standing armies and establishing royal law courts.

Promoting religious diversity and tolerance within their realms.

Central Europe saw the rise of centralized monarchies, similar to Western Europe.

Central Europe remained politically decentralized with many political units, unlike the centralized monarchies of Western Europe.

Central Europe was unified under a single powerful emperor, while Western Europe was fragmented.

Central Europe experienced greater religious uniformity compared to the diverse religious landscape of Western Europe.

By promoting local autonomy and weakening central governments.

By consolidating power and establishing the foundations of centralized authority.

By encouraging the growth of independent city-states and regional identities.

By rejecting the concept of standing armies and relying on feudal levies for defense.

To spread democratic ideals and republican governments.

To establish valuable trade connections and claim new territories.

To promote isolationist policies and reduce international trade.

To avoid contact with other cultures and preserve European traditions.