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What were the causes and effects of Henry VIII's desire for a divorce?
Cause: Henry VIII wanted a male heir and sought a divorce. Effect: Break with the Catholic Church and the creation of the Church of England.
What were the causes and effects of establishing standing armies?
Cause: Desire for greater control and military power. Effect: Increased royal authority and ability to wage wars.
What were the causes and effects of dissolving monasteries?
Cause: Henry VIII's desire for wealth and power. Effect: Increased royal revenue and land ownership, weakening the Catholic Church.
What were the causes and effects of the rise of New Monarchies?
Cause: Weakening of feudalism and the desire for centralized power. Effect: Consolidated governments and increased royal authority.
What is a centralized government?
A system where power is concentrated in a central authority, diminishing regional power.
Define 'standing army'.
A permanent, professional army maintained even during peacetime.
What is meant by 'religious reform'?
Changes or adjustments made to religious practices or institutions, often initiated by rulers.
Define 'English Reformation'.
A series of events in 16th-century England during which the Church of England broke away from the authority of the Pope and the Roman Catholic Church.
What is the 'Church of England'?
The established Christian church in England and the mother church of the Anglican Communion.
What are 'Protestant ideals'?
Religious principles emphasizing individual faith, the Bible as the ultimate authority, and the rejection of papal authority.
What is 'tax collection'?
The process by which governments collect taxes from individuals and businesses to fund public services and infrastructure.
Define 'New Monarchies'.
European rulers from 1450-1648 who consolidated power and centralized governments.
What is 'Feudalism'?
A decentralized political system in which land is exchanged for loyalty and service.
What is meant by 'dissolving monasteries'?
The act of closing down religious houses and seizing their assets, often by royal decree.
What was the significance of Henry VIII's break with the Catholic Church?
It established the Church of England, increased royal power, and spread Protestant ideals.
What was the result of the dissolution of the monasteries?
Increased royal wealth and power in England, and a shift in land ownership.
What was the impact of the rise of New Monarchies?
Shift away from feudalism, centralized governments, and increased royal power.
What was the effect of establishing monopolies on tax collection?
Increased revenue for the crown, strengthening the financial base of the monarchy.
What was the effect of creating standing armies?
Increased military power for the monarchy, allowing for greater control and expansion.
What was the effect of pushing for religious reforms?
Increased royal control over religious institutions and practices, diminishing the power of the Church.