Renaissance and Exploration
What cultural phenomenon was characterized by questioning traditional authority during this period?
The Enlightenment
World War I
Victorian Era
The Industrial Revolution
Which New Monarchy in Europe first introduced a standing army during the period from 1450-1648?
Portugal
Spain
France
England
What potential shift could occur if Ferdinand and Isabella didn't unite Castile and Aragon through marriage?
Spain might not emerge as a major power in Europe during this time period.
The Protestant Reformation would have occurred in Spain instead of Germany.
The Ottoman Empire would likely control the Iberian Peninsula.
Exploration and colonization of America would be delayed significantly.
In a scenario where France embraced Lutheranism under Francis I after meeting Martin Luther at Worms, what would have likely been a major effect on international alliances?
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A realigned system with a Protestant Franco-Ottoman alliance challenging both Holy Roman Empire control and Mediterranean hegemony more aggressively than historical diplomatic efforts did.
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Which conflict marked the beginning of modern diplomacy and balance-of-power politics in Europe?
Peace of Augsburg ending the Schmalkaldic War
Congress of Vienna following Napoleonic Wars
Treaty of Westphalia ending the Thirty Years' War
Treaty of Tordesillas dividing global territories between Spain and Portugal
"Leviathan", a foundational text in Western political philosophy, was authored by whom?
Thomas Hobbes
Niccolò Machiavelli
René Descartes
Jean Bodin
What were some key changes brought about by New Monarchies during Renaissance?
Reinforcing feudal society and limiting power to nobility and clergy members exclusively.
Abolishing monarchy and establishing democratic governments.
Promoting anarchy by dissolving all forms of governance structures.
Establishing standing armies, centralizing tax collection, and promoting religious reform for control over religious practices.

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What limitation does the "Edict of Nantes" (1598) present when used as a primary source on French religious policy?
It omits details about the role of women in society
It doesn't cover the relationship between Church and State in France
It reflects the viewpoint of the monarchy, not necessarily that of all French society
It only focuses on Catholic-Protestant relationships
What factors contributed most significantly toward consolidation of power by Henry VII after England’s War of Roses?
Strengthening royal finances through measures such as Court Star Chamber increasing Crown direct control
He heavily funded overseas exploration thereby diversifying England’s revenue sources away land taxes nobility payments.
Henry reformed Church doctrine gaining support clergy against potential rebellious factions aristocracy.
He instituted broad voting rights encouraging greater public participation government decision making.
In what way did the English Civil War (1642–1651) fundamentally alter political power in England?
It established universal suffrage for all adult males regardless of property ownership or wealth.
It led to an immediate transition into constitutional monarchy without further conflict or revolution.
It increased parliamentary power at the expense of royal absolutism.
It resulted in England becoming a permanent absolute monarchy under Charles I.