Causes: Columbus's voyages, European desire for new trade routes and resources. Effects: Transfer of goods, animals, plants, diseases, and cultural practices; rise of mercantilism; devastation of indigenous populations; transatlantic slave trade.

Causes: Desire to increase national wealth and power, belief in a zero-sum economic system. Effects: Government regulation of trade, protectionist policies, colonial exploitation, competition among European powers.

Causes: Introduction of European diseases to populations with no immunity. Effects: Decimation of indigenous populations, labor shortages, social and economic disruption, rise of the transatlantic slave trade.

Causes: Labor shortages in the Americas due to disease and the demand for cash crops. Effects: Forced migration of millions of Africans, brutal conditions, long-lasting social and economic consequences, racial inequality.

Causes: European desire to spread Christianity, belief in the superiority of European culture. Effects: Suppression of indigenous practices, loss of cultural heritage, social and religious transformation, cultural clashes.

Causes: Columbian Exchange, exploration and trade with the Americas. Effects: Increased food supply, population growth, dietary changes, economic expansion.

Causes: Increased trade and cultural exchange, strategic geographic locations. Effects: Economic growth, political influence, cultural diffusion, urbanization.

Causes: Demand for labor in the Americas, European exploitation of resources. Effects: Social disruption, economic hardship, loss of cultural heritage, depopulation.

Causes: Columbian Exchange, European colonization. Effects: Transformed transportation and warfare for some indigenous groups, enabling them to hunt more effectively and expand their territories.

Causes: Columbian Exchange, European demand for sugar. Effects: Establishment of large-scale plantations, increased demand for labor, rise of the transatlantic slave trade.

They initiated the Columbian Exchange, leading to the transfer of goods, animals, plants, diseases, and cultural practices between Europe, Africa, and the Americas.

Potatoes became a staple food, especially during times of war and famine, contributing to population growth and dietary changes.

European diseases like smallpox, measles, and mumps decimated indigenous populations, leading to social and economic disruption.

Indigenous groups were often converted to Christianity, leading to the suppression of their original practices and traditions and significant losses of indigenous heritage.

The decline in the indigenous population due to disease created a labor shortage for cash crops, leading to the transatlantic slave trade.

Cities like London, Bristol, Amsterdam, and Antwerp became major economic and political hubs, serving as gateways for trade and cultural exchange.

It shaped European colonial policies by emphasizing government control over trade to enhance state power, leading to protectionist measures and colonial exploitation.

Horses transformed transportation and warfare for some indigenous groups, enabling them to hunt more effectively and expand their territories.

The cultivation of sugar led to the establishment of large-scale plantations and an increased demand for labor, contributing to the rise of the transatlantic slave trade.

Forced labor led to the exploitation of indigenous peoples, long-lasting social and economic consequences, and the disruption of traditional social structures.

The transfer of goods, animals, plants, diseases, and cultural practices between Europe, Africa, and the Americas following Columbus's voyages.

An economic system emphasizing government control over trade to boost national power; a zero-sum game where one nation's gain is another's loss.

Resources and products originating from the Americas that were introduced to Europe during the Columbian Exchange.

The brutal system of transporting African people to the Americas to provide labor, particularly for cash crops.

Cities that became major economic and political hubs due to their role as gateways for trade and cultural exchange during the Columbian Exchange.

A period of rapid and significant economic expansion, often driven by increased trade, access to new resources, and market growth.

The practice of compelling individuals to work against their will, often through coercion, violence, or other forms of oppression.

The effort by Europeans to convert indigenous populations to Christianity, often suppressing their original practices and traditions.

The transfer of diseases between different populations, particularly the spread of European diseases to the Americas during the Columbian Exchange.

Significant and often disruptive changes to the cultural norms, values, and practices of a society, often resulting from external influences.