What were the causes and effects of the Protestant Reformation?
Causes: Religious corruption, desire for reform. Effects: Religious divisions, wars, rise of nation-states.
What were the causes and effects of the Thirty Years' War?
Causes: Religious tensions, political rivalries. Effects: Devastation, shift in power, Treaty of Westphalia.
What were the causes and effects of increased government involvement in religion?
Causes: Desire for control, religious uniformity. Effects: Power over society, suppression of dissent, religious pluralism in some areas.
What were the causes and effects of economic shifts during this period?
Causes: Growing capitalism, commercial growth. Effects: Strained medieval structures, rise of the merchant class, economic competition.
What were the causes and effects of population growth and urbanization?
Causes: Increased food production, trade. Effects: Strained old systems, changed social and political structures, new social problems.
What were the causes and effects of the rise of nation-states?
Causes: Struggle for sovereignty, religious and political authority conflicts. Effects: Conflicts over authority, new social order, migration and displacement.
What were the causes and effects of the persecution of non-conformists (witch trials)?
Causes: Renaissance challenged traditional beliefs. Effects: Persecution of non-conformists (witch trials).
What were the causes and effects of religious divisions?
Causes: Protestant Reformation. Effects: Worsened class conflicts.
What were the causes and effects of nationalism?
Causes: Struggle for sovereignty within and among states. Effects: Eroded feudal relationships.
What were the causes and effects of the rise of the middle class (merchants, artisans)?
Causes: Capitalism and commercial growth. Effects: New social order.
What was the significance of the Protestant Reformation?
Shattered religious unity, led to new denominations, political upheaval, and challenged authority.
What were the French Wars of Religion?
Conflicts (1562-1598) between Catholics and Protestants, with nobles challenging the monarchy.
What was the Thirty Years' War?
A devastating conflict (1618-1648) that started as a religious war but became a political power struggle.
What were the key outcomes of the Treaty of Westphalia (1648)?
Established state sovereignty, religious tolerance, and recognized Dutch and Swiss independence.
What was the impact of urbanization during this period?
Cities grew, changing social and political structures, and straining old systems.
What was the role of witch trials?
Showed conflict between old and new ideas; those challenging norms were persecuted.
What was the impact of population growth?
Cities expanded, stressing old systems.
What was the impact of the rise of national churches controlled by states?
Increased state power and control over religious affairs.
What was the impact of the expansion of cities and the new merchant class?
Fueled economic competition and social change.
What was the impact of religious wars and conflicts?
Caused widespread destruction, social upheaval, and political instability.
Define Protestant Reformation.
16th-century movement that shattered religious unity in Europe, leading to diverse Christian denominations.
Define 'Cuius regio, eius religio'.
Latin phrase meaning 'Whose realm, his religion,' principle established by the Treaty of Westphalia.
Define sovereignty.
Supreme power or authority; the ability of a state to govern itself without external interference.
Define religious pluralism.
The coexistence of different religious groups within a society.
Define nation-state.
A sovereign state whose citizens or subjects are relatively homogeneous in factors such as language or common descent.
Define autonomy.
The right or condition of self-government.
Define religious uniformity.
The state of being uniform or consistent in religious beliefs and practices.
Define capitalism.
An economic system based on private ownership of the means of production and their operation for profit.
Define nuclear family.
A family consisting of a couple and their children.
Define commercial growth.
The increase in economic activity related to buying and selling goods and services.
