A political system where the monarch holds absolute power, unchecked by other institutions.

The belief that a monarch's authority comes directly from God, not from the people.

A tax levied by Charles I without Parliament's approval, originally for coastal defense but extended to the entire country.

Supporters of King Charles I during the English Civil War, primarily nobles and Anglicans.

Supporters of Parliament during the English Civil War, mainly Puritans and the middle class.

The period after the execution of Charles I when England was declared a republic.

The period when Oliver Cromwell ruled England as Lord Protector, essentially a military dictator.

A document asserting Parliament's rights, limiting the king's power to tax, imprison, and quarter troops without consent.

The English Parliament that lasted from 1640 to 1660, known for its significant reforms.

The English Parliament that was convened by Charles I in 1640 but was quickly dissolved after it refused to grant him funds.

Cause: Charles I needed funds but Parliament wouldn't grant them. Effect: Increased resentment towards the king and further strained relations with Parliament.

Causes: Conflicts between Charles I and Parliament over power and religion. Effects: Execution of Charles I, establishment of the Commonwealth, and eventual restoration of the monarchy.

Cause: Charles I was found guilty of treason after losing the Civil War. Effect: End of the monarchy and beginning of the Commonwealth.

Cause: Parliament's desire to limit the king's power. Effect: Assertion of Parliament's rights and limitations on royal authority.

Cause: The Stuart Kings had Catholic sympathies. Effect: Increased religious tensions with Protestants and contributed to political instability.

Cause: Charles I's need for funds and Parliament's refusal to grant them. Effect: Further strained relations between the crown and Parliament, leading to the Long Parliament.

Cause: Political instability and the need for strong leadership after the Commonwealth. Effect: Oliver Cromwell became Lord Protector, establishing a military dictatorship and imposing Puritanical laws.

Cause: Dissatisfaction with the Protectorate and desire for a return to traditional governance. Effect: Charles II was invited back to England, restoring the monarchy and Anglican Church.

Cause: Charles I's need for funds and Parliament's desire to address grievances. Effect: Significant reforms limiting royal power and playing a crucial role in the events leading to the Civil War.

Cause: Belief that monarchs derive their authority from God. Effect: Justification for absolute rule and conflict with those who believed in limited government.

King of England, Scotland, and Ireland who believed in the Divine Right of Kings and favored Catholicism.

King of England who married a Catholic princess, levied taxes without Parliament's approval, and was eventually executed.

The military leader of the Roundheads who led the New Model Army to victory and became Lord Protector of England.

Uniting England, Scotland, and Ireland under one crown and advocating for the Divine Right of Kings.

His conflicts with Parliament over taxation and religion, leading to the English Civil War and his execution.

Leading the Parliamentarian forces to victory in the English Civil War and establishing the Protectorate.

James I tended to favor Catholicism, which angered many Calvinists and the Anglican Church.

Charles I married a Catholic princess, further fueling religious tensions.

Oliver Cromwell was a Puritan and suppressed Catholicism during his rule.

James I believed in the Divine Right of Kings, which often put him at odds with Parliament.