Absolutism and Constitutionalism

Indian Ocean Trade Network

Trans-Saharan Trade Route

Atlantic Trade System

Silk Road

His successful military campaigns abroad overshadowed domestic policy failures, undermining confidence in his leadership.

His attempt to impose absolute rule combined with his Catholic sympathies alienated both the Whigs and Tories.

The economic prosperity during his reign proved ineffective in alleviating ongoing financial pressures on the nobility.

His marriage alliance with Spain resulted in diplomatic isolation, aggravating existing discontent.

Both events marked an end to autocratic rule.

Both leaders were succeeded by their children who restored monarchy rule.

Both countries became democracies after their falls.

The leaders in both cases escaped to exile in foreign countries.

William III

Oliver Cromwell

Charles I

James II

Elizabeth I.

William III of Orange.

Oliver Cromwell.

James II.

The death of Oliver Cromwell

Conflict between the English monarchy, Parliament, and the elite

The Glorious Revolution

Charles II invasion of Scotland

The Magna Carta had a stronger emphasis on individual liberties compared to the Bill of Rights.

Both documents equally restricted monarchical power without favoring Parliament or commoners' rights.

The Bill of Rights limited monarchic authority more explicitly than the Magna Carta, outlining specific constitutional and parliamentary boundaries for royal power.

The Magna Carta was more potent in limiting royal authority whereas the Bill of Rights focused solely on religious freedoms.

Staunch Catholic countries like Spain might have declared war against England.

The Glorious Revolution may not occur as James II’s policies wouldn’t incite opposition from Protestant elites.

The Church of England might become the dominant global religion.

The colonization of North America could be delayed due to internal conflicts in England.

Pope Innocent XI from Rome

Louis XIV from France

James II himself

Protestant nobles in England

Oliver Cromwell

Charles I

Charles II

James II