Merchant capitalists who financed new ventures during the Commercial Revolution.

Merchant capitalists who financed new ventures during the Commercial Revolution.

Agricultural Revolution increased food production, while the Commercial Revolution changed trade and business practices. Both contributed to economic growth and societal changes.

Italian city-states initially held economic power due to trade routes, but Northwestern Europe gained dominance with new trade routes and colonial empires.

The two-field system left one field fallow, while the four-field rotation system improved soil fertility and increased food production by rotating crops.

Spain was weakened by the Price Revolution and economic depression, while the Dutch Republic prospered through trade and land reclamation.

Merchant capitalists financed new ventures and drove commercial growth, while traditional landowners focused on agricultural production and land ownership.

Before the Commercial Revolution, the economy was town-centered; after, it became nation-centered with expanding trade networks.

In Britain, it led to increased food production through new farming techniques; in the Dutch Republic, it was driven by land reclamation.

The Price Revolution caused economic hardship for poorer populations due to inflation, while wealthier classes were better able to cope.

England, France, and Spain established overseas colonies to exploit resources and create trade networks, each with varying degrees of success and impact.

Feudalism was based on land ownership and obligations, while capitalism is based on investment, private ownership, and market competition.

Causes: New farming techniques, land reclamation, new crops. Effects: Increased food production, population growth, demand for goods and labor.

Causes: Expanding trade networks, new business practices, joint-stock companies. Effects: Increased wealth, growing middle class, shift in economic power.

Causes: Discovery of gold and silver in the Americas. Effects: Inflation, rising prices, economic hardship for poorer populations.

Causes: New trade routes, decline of Italian city-states. Effects: Rise of England, France, and the Dutch Republic as economic powers.

Causes: Increased demand for textiles, availability of rural labor. Effects: Increased textile production, income for rural families, early form of industrialization.

Causes: Need for easier financial transactions, growth of trade. Effects: Development of banking industry, facilitation of loans with interest.

Causes: Desire to invest in overseas ventures, need for large capital. Effects: Increased exploration and colonization, economic growth, spread of capitalism.

Causes: Need for more farmland, innovative Dutch engineering. Effects: Increased agricultural output, population growth, economic prosperity in the Netherlands.

Causes: Exploration and colonization of the Americas. Effects: Increased food supply, population growth, dietary changes in Europe.

Causes: Commercial Revolution, increased trade, availability of capital. Effects: Economic growth, rise of the bourgeoisie, market economy.