#AP European History Study Guide: 17th Century Transformations

Welcome to your ultimate review guide! Let's break down the key economic and commercial changes of the 17th century. We'll make sure you're not just memorizing facts but understanding the big picture. Let's get started! 💪

#1. Context: Population & Shifting Power

By 1450, Europe began its slow recovery from the Black Death, which led to a population boom until the mid-17th century. This growth, combined with new trade routes, shifted the economic center from the Mediterranean to northwestern Europe. England, France, and Spain established overseas colonies, while the Dutch explored trade routes to the East Indies. This era saw the rise of colonial empires and global trade networks. However, by the end of the 17th century, both the Dutch United Provinces and Spain faced decline.

Remember that this period marks a significant transition in European power dynamics, setting the stage for future conflicts and collaborations.

#2. The Agricultural and Commercial Revolutions

#2.1 The Agricultural Revolution 🌾

The Agricultural Revolution in the 16th and 17th centuries dramatically increased food production, particularly in Britain. This was a game-changer!

• Four-Field Rotation System: This new system replaced the old two-field system, making soil more fertile and increasing food production. Think of it as a more efficient way to farm! 🔄
• Land Reclamation: The Dutch reclaimed land from the sea, adding even more farmland. 🌊
• New World Crops: Crops like potatoes and corn from the Americas boosted the European population. 🥔🌽
• Cottage Industry: Also known as the putting-out system, this involved rural families producing textiles at home, w...