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What was the impact of the Columbian Exchange?
Revolutionized global trade/agriculture; new foods in Europe, but spread diseases to Americas decimating indigenous populations.
What was the impact of the rise of consumer culture?
Fueled plantations/mining, increased demand for enslaved labor, creating a cycle of exploitation.
Describe the Triangular Trade routes.
Europe -> Africa (goods for slaves); Africa -> Americas (slaves); Americas -> Europe (raw materials).
Describe the conditions of the Middle Passage.
Cramped ships, disease, starvation, abuse, high mortality for enslaved Africans transported to the Americas.
What were the consequences of colonization for Europe?
Economic growth, increased food supply, and population growth due to resources from the Americas.
What were the consequences of colonization for Africa?
Transatlantic slave trade resulted in deaths/displacement of millions, with lasting societal impacts.
What was the role of colonies in mercantilism?
Provide raw materials/resources and markets for the mother country's goods.
What was the impact of new world crops on Europe?
New foods like potatoes, corn, and tomatoes became staples, improving diets and supporting population growth.
What was the impact of the slave trade on African societies?
Loss of population, disruption of social structures, increased warfare, and long-term economic underdevelopment.
Describe the economic impact of the Triangular Trade on Europe.
Major source of wealth and power, fueling industrial development and global dominance.
What is Mercantilism?
Economic theory emphasizing finite wealth; nations accumulate gold/silver, export more than import for self-sufficiency and power.
What is a favorable balance of trade?
Exporting more goods than importing; a key goal of mercantilism.
What is the Columbian Exchange?
Transfer of plants, animals, people, technology, diseases, and culture between Old World and New World.
Define Consumer Culture.
Increased availability of and demand for luxury goods across social classes.
What is the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade?
Forcible transportation of enslaved Africans to the Americas to meet labor demands.
What is the Triangular Trade?
Trade system between Europe, Africa, and Americas; Europe to Africa (goods for slaves), Africa to Americas (slaves), Americas to Europe (raw materials).
What is the Middle Passage?
The journey of enslaved Africans from Africa to the Americas; characterized by brutal conditions and high mortality.
Define 'raw materials' in a mercantilist context.
Unprocessed natural resources (e.g., timber, cotton, minerals) extracted from colonies for use by the mother country.
What is meant by 'mother country'?
The European nation that controlled and benefited from its colonies under mercantilism.
Define 'self-sufficiency' in mercantilism.
A nation's ability to produce all the goods and resources it needs without relying on imports.
Causes and effects of mercantilism?
Cause: Belief in finite wealth. Effect: Colonialism, trade wars, accumulation of gold/silver.
Causes and effects of the Columbian Exchange?
Cause: European exploration/colonization. Effect: Exchange of goods, diseases, demographic shifts, agricultural changes.
Causes and effects of the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade?
Cause: Demand for labor in Americas. Effect: Devastation of African societies, enrichment of Europe, racial hierarchies.
Causes and effects of consumer culture?
Cause: Increased availability of goods. Effect: Demand for enslaved labor, expansion of plantations, economic growth.
Causes and effects of the Middle Passage?
Cause: Demand for enslaved labor in the Americas. Effect: Death and suffering of enslaved Africans, trauma, and long-term societal impacts.
Causes and effects of European colonization?
Cause: Mercantilism, desire for resources. Effect: Exploitation of colonies, economic growth in Europe, cultural exchange.
What was the cause of the decimation of Native American populations?
The spread of European diseases such as smallpox, measles, and influenza, to which Native Americans had no immunity.
What was the effect of the introduction of new crops from the Americas to Europe?
Improved diets, increased agricultural output, and supported population growth in Europe.
What was the cause of the increased demand for enslaved labor in the Americas?
The growth of plantation economies focused on producing cash crops like sugar, tobacco, and cotton.
What was the effect of the transatlantic slave trade on the development of racial ideologies?
It led to the creation and reinforcement of racial hierarchies that justified the enslavement and exploitation of Africans.