All Flashcards
What were the causes and effects of the Treaty of Westphalia?
Causes: The Thirty Years' War. Effects: Established state sovereignty, decline of religious conflict as a primary driver of war, rise of the balance of power system.
What were the causes and effects of Louis XIV's expansionist policies?
Causes: Louis XIV's desire to expand France's borders. Effects: Series of wars aimed at checking his power, formation of alliances against France.
What were the causes and effects of the War of Spanish Succession?
Causes: Charles II of Spain died without an heir, and Louis XIV's grandson was in line for the throne. Effects: Philip V became King of Spain, but the French and Spanish thrones could never unite, Austria gained territories, Prussia became a kingdom.
What were the causes and effects of the Military Revolution?
Causes: Technological advances in infantry, firearms, mobile cannons, and fortifications. Effects: Heavier taxes, bigger bureaucracies, consolidated states, rise of professional armies.
What were the causes and effects of the decline of the Holy Roman Empire?
Causes: Religious division, weak central authority. Effects: Emergence of Austria and Prussia as leading German states.
What were the causes and effects of the decline of Poland?
Causes: Elected kings with limited power, unanimous decisions required for political decisions. Effects: Poland was partitioned by Russia, Prussia, and Austria and disappeared.
What were the causes and effects of the decline of the Ottoman Empire?
Causes: End of expansion, internal problems, failed modernization attempts. Effects: Empire weakened and increasingly unstable.
What were the causes and effects of the Protestant Reformation?
Causes: Dissatisfaction with the Catholic Church, corruption, and the sale of indulgences. Effects: Religious division in Europe, rise of Protestantism, wars of religion.
What were the causes and effects of the rise of Prussia?
Causes: Strong leadership, military reforms, efficient bureaucracy. Effects: Prussia became a major military power in Europe, challenged Austria for dominance in the German states.
What were the causes and effects of the Battle of Vienna (1683)?
Causes: Ottoman expansion into Europe. Effects: Stopped the Ottomans' westward push, marked the beginning of the Ottoman decline.
What was the Dutch War (1672-1678)?
Louis XIV invaded the Spanish Netherlands but was pushed back by England and Sweden. Spain ceded Flanders and Franche-Comte to France.
What was the Nine Years' War (1688-1697)?
The Grand Alliance (England, Spain, Holy Roman Empire) formed to stop Louis XIV. France lost Lorraine but kept Alsace. William of Orange became King of England.
What was the War of Spanish Succession (1701-1714)?
Charles II of Spain died without an heir, and Louis XIV's grandson was in line for the throne. Everyone feared a Franco-Spanish mega-state.
What was the Battle of Vienna (1683)?
A battle that stopped the Ottomans' westward push into Europe.
What was the Treaty of Westphalia (1648)?
A series of peace treaties that ended the Thirty Years' War and established the principle of state sovereignty.
What were the Partitions of Poland?
Poland was carved up by Russia, Prussia, and Austria, disappearing by 1795.
What was the Peace of Augsburg?
A treaty in 1555 that attempted to resolve religious conflict in the Holy Roman Empire by allowing rulers to choose either Lutheranism or Catholicism as the religion of their state.
What were the consequences of the Treaty of Utrecht (1713)?
Philip V became King of Spain, but the French and Spanish thrones could never unite. Austria gained the Spanish Netherlands (Belgium) and other territories. Prussia became a kingdom.
What was the Protestant Reformation?
A 16th-century religious movement that challenged the authority of the Catholic Church and led to the rise of Protestantism.
What was the Thirty Years' War?
A series of wars fought primarily in Central Europe, involving most of the major European powers, and resulting in significant political and religious changes.
Who was Louis XIV?
The Sun King of France who aimed to expand France's borders and dominated European politics.
Who was William of Orange?
The Dutch leader who became King of England and opposed Louis XIV.
Who was Gustavus Adolphus?
The Swedish king who transformed the Swedish army into a modern fighting force.
Who was Charles II of Spain?
The Spanish king whose death without an heir triggered the War of Spanish Succession.
Who were the Habsburgs?
The ruling family of Austria and Spain who played a significant role in European politics.
Who were the Hohenzollerns?
The ruling family of Prussia who rose to prominence in the 18th century.
Who was Philip V?
Louis XIV's grandson who became King of Spain after the War of Spanish Succession.
Who was Martin Luther?
A German theologian who initiated the Protestant Reformation.
Who was Suleiman the Magnificent?
An Ottoman sultan under whose rule the Ottoman Empire reached its height.
Who was Frederick the Great?
King of Prussia known for his military victories, reorganization of Prussian armies, his patronage of the arts and the Enlightenment.