The first Bourbon king of France who signed the Edict of Nantes.

Chief Minister under Louis XIII who centralized power in France through the intendant system.

King of France who relied on Cardinal Richelieu to consolidate power.

The Sun King of France, an epitome of absolutism, who built Versailles and revoked the Edict of Nantes.

Louis XIV's finance minister who helped centralize the state through economic reforms.

The first tsar of the Romanov dynasty, elected in 1613.

A Russian tsar who modernized and westernized Russia, building St. Petersburg.

Russian ruler who continued Peter's reforms, particularly in education and territorial expansion.

Chief Minister under Henry IV who helped reduce debt and revive the French economy.

Peter the Great modernized Russia, built St. Petersburg, and reformed the military and government.

A political system where all power is concentrated in the hands of a single ruler, typically a monarch.

The belief that a monarch's authority comes directly from God, giving them absolute power.

A decree signed in 1598 by Henry IV granting religious tolerance to Huguenots in France.

A system implemented by Cardinal Richelieu where royal officials enforced decrees, collected taxes, and maintained order in France.

The revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685 by Louis XIV, suppressing Protestantism in France.

A period of instability in Russia before the Romanov dynasty came to power.

The Russian nobles.

The process of adopting Western European ideas, culture, and technology.

Individuals who purchased titles of nobility in France, often exempting them from taxes.

Mandatory military service.

Cause: Henry IV wanted to unite France. Effect: Granted religious tolerance to Huguenots, bringing peace.

Cause: Richelieu wanted to reduce the nobility's influence. Effect: Royal officials enforced decrees and collected taxes, centralizing power.

Cause: Louis XIV wanted to control the nobility and show off his power. Effect: Nobility was controlled, but it strained the French economy.

Cause: Louis XIV wanted religious uniformity. Effect: Huguenots fled France, harming the economy.

Cause: Peter wanted to modernize Russia. Effect: Russia became a major European power, but social reforms were met with resistance.

Cause: Peter the Great wanted access to the Baltic Sea. Effect: Russia gained control of the Baltic Sea, increasing its power and trade.

Cause: Henry IV needed to raise money. Effect: Increased revenue but burdened peasants with higher taxes.

Cause: Peter wanted to modernize Russian society. Effect: Women gained more freedom, and boyars were forced to adopt Western customs, leading to social tensions.

Cause: Louis XIV wanted to strengthen the French economy. Effect: Improved infrastructure, protected French industries, and modernized the military, but led to increased taxation.

Cause: Political instability and succession crisis in Russia. Effect: Led to the election of Michael Romanov and the establishment of the Romanov dynasty.