Absolutism and Constitutionalism

Through funding expeditions and maps, he emphasized Spain's geographic knowledge expanding its global empire ideologically.

By commissioning religious artworks for El Escorial he asserted Spain’s Catholic identity and demonstrated his divine right to rule.

Patronizing satirical plays about foreign courts allowed Philip II subtle criticism against rival powers while entertaining his subjects.

By supporting public works projects throughout Madrid he showcased an investment in civilian life contrary to typical absolute rule.

Peter I

Catherine II

William III

Gustavus Adolphus

Rule based on popular democratic vote

Right to rule was gained through military conquest

Ascension to power via familial inheritance

Authority to rule was directly given by God

James II

Charles I

William III

Elizabeth I

Power is held by a group of elected officials

Power is divided between the monarchy and the nobility

Power is in the hands of a single monarch

Power is divided between branches of government

Incentivized conversion of minority religious groups, offering economic advantages and social stature enhancements to those loyal to the crown.

Reinforced Catholic orthodoxy, limiting rights protecting Protestant faith expressions, increased persecution and fleeing abroad.

Established uniformity in education systems across France, mandating instruction based exclusively on Catholic doctrine.

Supported ecumenical movements, fostering greater religious tolerance throughout the kingdom and church-state relations.

The English Civil War created instability that shifted power dynamics and affected alliances across Europe.

His actions prompted immediate democratic reforms throughout Europe out of fear of similar uprisings.

Charles I’s attempt at absolute rule led directly to unified European support for him.

Charles I's actions had no significant impact on England's international relations during his reign.

There could have been less religious persecution and more religious pluralism in France.

France would have become a Protestant country.

Louis XIV would have lost his throne earlier.

The French Revolution would have occurred earlier than it did.

To abolish serfdom

To limit the power of Russian nobles

To promote religious tolerance

To strengthen Russia's military power

Both rulers led their nations into constant bankruptcy due to excessive spending on wars and luxuries.

Philip managed the Spanish economy efficiently; meanwhile, Louis mired France in debt through excessive extravagance at Versailles.

Under both reigns, Spain and France enjoyed golden ages of economic prosperity and financial stability with no major disruptions.

While Philip II frequently faced bankruptcy due to military expenditures, Louis XIV managed a more stable economy through Jean-Baptiste Colbert's mercantilist policies.