All Flashcards
Define Agricultural Revolution.
A period of significant agricultural advancements, including new techniques and technologies, leading to increased food production.
Define Enclosure.
The consolidation of small landholdings into larger farms, shifting from subsistence to commercial farming.
Define Industrial Revolution.
A shift from hand-made to machine-based economy, characterized by technological advancements and the factory system.
Define Seed Drill.
A device that allowed for precise planting, increasing crop yields during the Agricultural Revolution.
Define Factory System.
A method of production that replaced traditional craft production, bringing workers together in centralized locations.
Define Columbian Exchange.
The transfer of plants, animals, culture, human populations, technology, diseases, and ideas between the Americas, West Africa, and the Old World in the 15th and 16th centuries.
Define Urbanization.
The process by which an increasing proportion of a population lives in cities rather than in rural areas.
Define Subsistence Farming.
Farming in which the farmers focus on growing enough food to feed themselves and their families.
Define Commercial Farming.
Farming for profit, where food is produced for sale in markets rather than for the farmer's own consumption.
Define Inoculation.
The act of introducing a disease agent (like smallpox) to stimulate the body to develop protective antibodies.
Who was Lady Mary Wortley Montagu?
She helped reduce smallpox infections through the promotion of inoculation.
Who was James Watt?
He invented the steam engine, a key invention of the Industrial Revolution.
What was the significance of the Thirty Years' War?
It caused massive displacement, casualties, and resource destruction, contributing to population decline in the 17th century.
What was the impact of the disappearance of the plague?
It reduced a major cause of death, contributing to increased life expectancy in the 18th century.
What was the effect of the Columbian Exchange on agriculture?
It introduced new crops like potatoes and corn to Europe, increasing food production and supporting population growth.
What was the impact of Enclosure?
It consolidated land, shifted farming from subsistence to commercial, and contributed to urbanization by displacing rural workers.
What was the result of the invention of the steam engine?
It powered machinery, including textile mills, and was a key driver of the Industrial Revolution.
What was the impact of increased poverty and crime in urban areas?
It led to the development of new institutions like poorhouses, workhouses, and prisons.
What was the effect of the Agricultural Revolution on job availability?
It led to fewer farm jobs, prompting migration to cities for new opportunities.
What was the effect of the Industrial Revolution on social classes?
It led to the rise of new working and middle classes.
What was the effect of the Industrial Revolution on urban life?
It led to strained governments, erosion of traditional values, increased poverty and crime, and the development of new institutions.
What was the effect of stabilized food supply in the 18th century?
It led to balance between population and food, contributing to population boom.