All Flashcards
What were the causes and effects of the Agricultural Revolution?
Causes: New farming techniques, technologies, and crops. Effects: Increased food production, lower food prices, population growth, and urbanization.
What were the causes and effects of the Industrial Revolution?
Causes: Agricultural Revolution, new technologies like the steam engine. Effects: Shift to machine-based economy, factory system, new social classes, urbanization, and social problems.
What were the causes and effects of population decline in the 17th century?
Causes: War (Thirty Years' War), disease (Black Death), and famine. Effects: Low European population.
What were the causes and effects of population growth in the 18th century?
Causes: Stabilized food supply, economic changes, increased life expectancy, and agricultural revolution. Effects: Significant population increase.
What were the causes and effects of urbanization?
Causes: Fewer farm jobs due to the Agricultural Revolution and new opportunities in cities. Effects: Strained governments, increased poverty and crime, and the development of new institutions.
What were the causes and effects of Enclosure?
Causes: Desire for more efficient and profitable farming. Effects: Consolidation of land, shift from subsistence to commercial farming, and displacement of rural workers.
Who was Lady Mary Wortley Montagu?
She helped reduce smallpox infections through the promotion of inoculation.
Who was James Watt?
He invented the steam engine, a key invention of the Industrial Revolution.
Define Agricultural Revolution.
A period of significant agricultural advancements, including new techniques and technologies, leading to increased food production.
Define Enclosure.
The consolidation of small landholdings into larger farms, shifting from subsistence to commercial farming.
Define Industrial Revolution.
A shift from hand-made to machine-based economy, characterized by technological advancements and the factory system.
Define Seed Drill.
A device that allowed for precise planting, increasing crop yields during the Agricultural Revolution.
Define Factory System.
A method of production that replaced traditional craft production, bringing workers together in centralized locations.
Define Columbian Exchange.
The transfer of plants, animals, culture, human populations, technology, diseases, and ideas between the Americas, West Africa, and the Old World in the 15th and 16th centuries.
Define Urbanization.
The process by which an increasing proportion of a population lives in cities rather than in rural areas.
Define Subsistence Farming.
Farming in which the farmers focus on growing enough food to feed themselves and their families.
Define Commercial Farming.
Farming for profit, where food is produced for sale in markets rather than for the farmer's own consumption.
Define Inoculation.
The act of introducing a disease agent (like smallpox) to stimulate the body to develop protective antibodies.