All Flashcards
Who was Napoleon Bonaparte?
French military leader and emperor who implemented domestic reforms and sought to control Europe.
Who was Maria Theresa of Austria?
Austrian ruler who implemented reforms in education, military, and serfdom regulation.
Who was Joseph II of Austria?
Austrian ruler who issued the Edict of Toleration and reformed the Church.
Who was Frederick William I of Prussia?
Prussian king who focused on building a strong military and a self-sufficient state.
Who was Frederick II of Prussia?
Prussian king who continued his father's policies and focused on citizen contentment.
Who was Catherine the Great of Russia?
Russian empress who expanded Russia's territory and encouraged education.
Who was Martin Luther?
German theologian who led the Protestant Reformation.
Who was the Holy Roman Emperor?
The ruler of the Holy Roman Empire, a complex political entity in central Europe.
Who was the Pope?
The head of the Catholic Church.
Who was a Habsburg leader?
A member of the Habsburg dynasty, a prominent European royal house.
Compare Maria Theresa and Joseph II's reforms.
Maria Theresa focused on practical improvements, while Joseph II was more radical in religious and social reforms.
Compare Frederick William I and Frederick II of Prussia.
Both focused on Prussia's strength, but Frederick II also prioritized citizen contentment.
Compare Napoleon and other Enlightened Despots.
Napoleon exhibited qualities of an enlightened despot but also a dictator; domestic reforms modeled after the French Revolution: less Church authority, fairer taxes, natural rights.
Compare the goals of Frederick William I and Catherine the Great.
Frederick William I aimed to build a self-sufficient, militarily strong Prussia, while Catherine the Great focused on economic growth and expansion.
Compare the religious policies of Joseph II and Maria Theresa.
Joseph II issued the Edict of Toleration, while Maria Theresa exiled Jewish people despite other reforms.
Compare the impacts of the Peace of Westphalia and the Napoleonic Wars.
The Peace of Westphalia weakened the Holy Roman Empire and established state sovereignty, while the Napoleonic Wars led to the redrawing of European borders and the spread of revolutionary ideas.
Compare the approaches of Frederick II and Catherine the Great to Enlightenment ideals.
Frederick II focused on citizen contentment and strong leadership, while Catherine the Great tried to pass a constitution but ultimately relied on the aristocracy.
Compare the domestic policies of Napoleon and Frederick William I.
Napoleon implemented the Napoleonic Code, while Frederick William I focused on military reforms and repopulating Eastern lands.
Compare the motivations of Maria Theresa and Joseph II for implementing reforms.
Maria Theresa sought to strengthen Austria economically and politically, while Joseph II aimed to increase taxation and consolidate his power.
Compare the long-term effects of the reforms of enlightened despots with the French Revolution.
Enlightened despots sought to modernize their states while maintaining power, while the French Revolution aimed to overthrow the monarchy and establish a republic.
What was the Peace of Westphalia?
A series of treaties in 1648 that ended the Thirty Years' War and established the principle of state sovereignty.
What was the War of Austrian Succession?
A conflict triggered by Maria Theresa's ascension to the Austrian throne, challenging the Pragmatic Sanction.
What was the significance of Napoleon's defeat at Waterloo?
Marked the end of Napoleon's reign and the Napoleonic Wars, leading to the restoration of monarchies in Europe.
What was the impact of the Napoleonic Code (1804)?
Unified law code, citizen army, tax reforms, popular sovereignty, religious freedom.
What was the Edict of Toleration?
Granted limited religious freedoms to Jewish and Protestant people in Austria.
What was the significance of the rise of Prussia?
Prussia emerged as a leading Eastern European power through military and domestic policies.
What was the impact of closing monasteries?
Increased taxation, force military service, and consolidate his power.
What was the impact of expanding south and west into Poland?
Economic Growth, kept serfdom, built and resettled cities, expanded trade, encouraged education (especially for women), built the military.
What was the impact of Peace of Westphalia (1648)?
Each state gains autonomy over religion, weakening of the Holy Roman Empire, religious choice.
What was the impact of the French Revolution?
Less Church authority, fairer taxes, natural rights.