All Flashcards
Causes and effects of Peace of Westphalia?
Cause: End of Thirty Years' War. Effect: Weakening of Holy Roman Empire, rise of individual states, religious autonomy.
Causes and effects of Napoleon's reforms?
Cause: Enlightenment ideals, French Revolution. Effect: Unified law code, citizen army, tax reforms, popular sovereignty, religious freedom.
Causes and effects of Maria Theresa's reforms?
Cause: War of Austrian Succession, desire to strengthen Austria. Effect: Improved education, military, and serfdom regulation.
Causes and effects of Joseph II's Edict of Toleration?
Cause: Enlightenment ideals. Effect: Granted limited religious freedoms, but also aimed to consolidate power.
Causes and effects of Frederick William I's military reforms?
Cause: Desire for a strong Prussia. Effect: Developed a system for recruiting soldiers, creating a powerful military.
Causes and effects of Catherine the Great's expansion?
Cause: Desire for economic growth. Effect: Expanded Russia's territory and encouraged education.
Causes and effects of weakening of the Holy Roman Empire?
Cause: Peace of Westphalia. Effect: Rise of individual states like Prussia.
Causes and effects of religious choice?
Cause: Peace of Westphalia. Effect: Reduce Catholic Church's political power.
Causes and effects of Napoleon's military campaigns?
Cause: Sought to control Europe. Effect: Downfall in Russia and defeat at Waterloo.
Causes and effects of closing monasteries?
Cause: Reforms aimed to increase taxation, force military service, and consolidate his power. Effect: Increased taxation, force military service, and consolidate his power.
What is Westphalian Sovereignty?
Each state gains autonomy over religion within its borders.
Define Enlightened Despot.
Absolute monarchs who adopted Enlightenment ideals while maintaining power.
What is the Napoleonic Code?
Unified law code in France, emphasizing citizen army, tax reforms, popular sovereignty, and religious freedom.
Define popular sovereignty.
The principle that the authority of a state and its government are created and sustained by the consent of its people, through their elected representatives.
What is an Edict of Toleration?
A decree granting religious freedom to minority groups within a state.
What does it mean to be self-sufficient?
Able to provide for one's own needs without external assistance.
What is an officer corps?
A body of military officers.
Define hereditary privileges.
Advantages or rights passed down through family lineage, often associated with nobility.
What is a citizen army?
A military force composed of ordinary citizens rather than professional soldiers.
What is a constitution?
A body of fundamental principles or established precedents according to which a state or other organization is acknowledged to be governed.
Who was Napoleon Bonaparte?
French military leader and emperor who implemented domestic reforms and sought to control Europe.
Who was Maria Theresa of Austria?
Austrian ruler who implemented reforms in education, military, and serfdom regulation.
Who was Joseph II of Austria?
Austrian ruler who issued the Edict of Toleration and reformed the Church.
Who was Frederick William I of Prussia?
Prussian king who focused on building a strong military and a self-sufficient state.
Who was Frederick II of Prussia?
Prussian king who continued his father's policies and focused on citizen contentment.
Who was Catherine the Great of Russia?
Russian empress who expanded Russia's territory and encouraged education.
Who was Martin Luther?
German theologian who led the Protestant Reformation.
Who was the Holy Roman Emperor?
The ruler of the Holy Roman Empire, a complex political entity in central Europe.
Who was the Pope?
The head of the Catholic Church.
Who was a Habsburg leader?
A member of the Habsburg dynasty, a prominent European royal house.