All Flashcards
Causes and effects of Peace of Westphalia?
Cause: End of Thirty Years' War. Effect: Weakening of Holy Roman Empire, rise of individual states, religious autonomy.
Causes and effects of Napoleon's reforms?
Cause: Enlightenment ideals, French Revolution. Effect: Unified law code, citizen army, tax reforms, popular sovereignty, religious freedom.
Causes and effects of Maria Theresa's reforms?
Cause: War of Austrian Succession, desire to strengthen Austria. Effect: Improved education, military, and serfdom regulation.
Causes and effects of Joseph II's Edict of Toleration?
Cause: Enlightenment ideals. Effect: Granted limited religious freedoms, but also aimed to consolidate power.
Causes and effects of Frederick William I's military reforms?
Cause: Desire for a strong Prussia. Effect: Developed a system for recruiting soldiers, creating a powerful military.
Causes and effects of Catherine the Great's expansion?
Cause: Desire for economic growth. Effect: Expanded Russia's territory and encouraged education.
Causes and effects of weakening of the Holy Roman Empire?
Cause: Peace of Westphalia. Effect: Rise of individual states like Prussia.
Causes and effects of religious choice?
Cause: Peace of Westphalia. Effect: Reduce Catholic Church's political power.
Causes and effects of Napoleon's military campaigns?
Cause: Sought to control Europe. Effect: Downfall in Russia and defeat at Waterloo.
Causes and effects of closing monasteries?
Cause: Reforms aimed to increase taxation, force military service, and consolidate his power. Effect: Increased taxation, force military service, and consolidate his power.
What is Westphalian Sovereignty?
Each state gains autonomy over religion within its borders.
Define Enlightened Despot.
Absolute monarchs who adopted Enlightenment ideals while maintaining power.
What is the Napoleonic Code?
Unified law code in France, emphasizing citizen army, tax reforms, popular sovereignty, and religious freedom.
Define popular sovereignty.
The principle that the authority of a state and its government are created and sustained by the consent of its people, through their elected representatives.
What is an Edict of Toleration?
A decree granting religious freedom to minority groups within a state.
What does it mean to be self-sufficient?
Able to provide for one's own needs without external assistance.
What is an officer corps?
A body of military officers.
Define hereditary privileges.
Advantages or rights passed down through family lineage, often associated with nobility.
What is a citizen army?
A military force composed of ordinary citizens rather than professional soldiers.
What is a constitution?
A body of fundamental principles or established precedents according to which a state or other organization is acknowledged to be governed.
What was the Peace of Westphalia?
A series of treaties in 1648 that ended the Thirty Years' War and established the principle of state sovereignty.
What was the War of Austrian Succession?
A conflict triggered by Maria Theresa's ascension to the Austrian throne, challenging the Pragmatic Sanction.
What was the significance of Napoleon's defeat at Waterloo?
Marked the end of Napoleon's reign and the Napoleonic Wars, leading to the restoration of monarchies in Europe.
What was the impact of the Napoleonic Code (1804)?
Unified law code, citizen army, tax reforms, popular sovereignty, religious freedom.
What was the Edict of Toleration?
Granted limited religious freedoms to Jewish and Protestant people in Austria.
What was the significance of the rise of Prussia?
Prussia emerged as a leading Eastern European power through military and domestic policies.
What was the impact of closing monasteries?
Increased taxation, force military service, and consolidate his power.
What was the impact of expanding south and west into Poland?
Economic Growth, kept serfdom, built and resettled cities, expanded trade, encouraged education (especially for women), built the military.
What was the impact of Peace of Westphalia (1648)?
Each state gains autonomy over religion, weakening of the Holy Roman Empire, religious choice.
What was the impact of the French Revolution?
Less Church authority, fairer taxes, natural rights.