All Flashcards
Compare Maria Theresa and Joseph II's reforms.
Maria Theresa focused on practical improvements, while Joseph II was more radical in religious and social reforms.
Compare Frederick William I and Frederick II of Prussia.
Both focused on Prussia's strength, but Frederick II also prioritized citizen contentment.
Compare Napoleon and other Enlightened Despots.
Napoleon exhibited qualities of an enlightened despot but also a dictator; domestic reforms modeled after the French Revolution: less Church authority, fairer taxes, natural rights.
Compare the goals of Frederick William I and Catherine the Great.
Frederick William I aimed to build a self-sufficient, militarily strong Prussia, while Catherine the Great focused on economic growth and expansion.
Compare the religious policies of Joseph II and Maria Theresa.
Joseph II issued the Edict of Toleration, while Maria Theresa exiled Jewish people despite other reforms.
Compare the impacts of the Peace of Westphalia and the Napoleonic Wars.
The Peace of Westphalia weakened the Holy Roman Empire and established state sovereignty, while the Napoleonic Wars led to the redrawing of European borders and the spread of revolutionary ideas.
Compare the approaches of Frederick II and Catherine the Great to Enlightenment ideals.
Frederick II focused on citizen contentment and strong leadership, while Catherine the Great tried to pass a constitution but ultimately relied on the aristocracy.
Compare the domestic policies of Napoleon and Frederick William I.
Napoleon implemented the Napoleonic Code, while Frederick William I focused on military reforms and repopulating Eastern lands.
Compare the motivations of Maria Theresa and Joseph II for implementing reforms.
Maria Theresa sought to strengthen Austria economically and politically, while Joseph II aimed to increase taxation and consolidate his power.
Compare the long-term effects of the reforms of enlightened despots with the French Revolution.
Enlightened despots sought to modernize their states while maintaining power, while the French Revolution aimed to overthrow the monarchy and establish a republic.
What is Westphalian Sovereignty?
Each state gains autonomy over religion within its borders.
Define Enlightened Despot.
Absolute monarchs who adopted Enlightenment ideals while maintaining power.
What is the Napoleonic Code?
Unified law code in France, emphasizing citizen army, tax reforms, popular sovereignty, and religious freedom.
Define popular sovereignty.
The principle that the authority of a state and its government are created and sustained by the consent of its people, through their elected representatives.
What is an Edict of Toleration?
A decree granting religious freedom to minority groups within a state.
What does it mean to be self-sufficient?
Able to provide for one's own needs without external assistance.
What is an officer corps?
A body of military officers.
Define hereditary privileges.
Advantages or rights passed down through family lineage, often associated with nobility.
What is a citizen army?
A military force composed of ordinary citizens rather than professional soldiers.
What is a constitution?
A body of fundamental principles or established precedents according to which a state or other organization is acknowledged to be governed.
What was the Peace of Westphalia?
A series of treaties in 1648 that ended the Thirty Years' War and established the principle of state sovereignty.
What was the War of Austrian Succession?
A conflict triggered by Maria Theresa's ascension to the Austrian throne, challenging the Pragmatic Sanction.
What was the significance of Napoleon's defeat at Waterloo?
Marked the end of Napoleon's reign and the Napoleonic Wars, leading to the restoration of monarchies in Europe.
What was the impact of the Napoleonic Code (1804)?
Unified law code, citizen army, tax reforms, popular sovereignty, religious freedom.
What was the Edict of Toleration?
Granted limited religious freedoms to Jewish and Protestant people in Austria.
What was the significance of the rise of Prussia?
Prussia emerged as a leading Eastern European power through military and domestic policies.
What was the impact of closing monasteries?
Increased taxation, force military service, and consolidate his power.
What was the impact of expanding south and west into Poland?
Economic Growth, kept serfdom, built and resettled cities, expanded trade, encouraged education (especially for women), built the military.
What was the impact of Peace of Westphalia (1648)?
Each state gains autonomy over religion, weakening of the Holy Roman Empire, religious choice.
What was the impact of the French Revolution?
Less Church authority, fairer taxes, natural rights.