All Flashcards
Who was Napoleon Bonaparte?
French military leader and emperor who implemented domestic reforms and sought to control Europe.
Who was Maria Theresa of Austria?
Austrian ruler who implemented reforms in education, military, and serfdom regulation.
Who was Joseph II of Austria?
Austrian ruler who issued the Edict of Toleration and reformed the Church.
Who was Frederick William I of Prussia?
Prussian king who focused on building a strong military and a self-sufficient state.
Who was Frederick II of Prussia?
Prussian king who continued his father's policies and focused on citizen contentment.
Who was Catherine the Great of Russia?
Russian empress who expanded Russia's territory and encouraged education.
Who was Martin Luther?
German theologian who led the Protestant Reformation.
Who was the Holy Roman Emperor?
The ruler of the Holy Roman Empire, a complex political entity in central Europe.
Who was the Pope?
The head of the Catholic Church.
Who was a Habsburg leader?
A member of the Habsburg dynasty, a prominent European royal house.
What was the Peace of Westphalia?
A series of treaties in 1648 that ended the Thirty Years' War and established the principle of state sovereignty.
What was the War of Austrian Succession?
A conflict triggered by Maria Theresa's ascension to the Austrian throne, challenging the Pragmatic Sanction.
What was the significance of Napoleon's defeat at Waterloo?
Marked the end of Napoleon's reign and the Napoleonic Wars, leading to the restoration of monarchies in Europe.
What was the impact of the Napoleonic Code (1804)?
Unified law code, citizen army, tax reforms, popular sovereignty, religious freedom.
What was the Edict of Toleration?
Granted limited religious freedoms to Jewish and Protestant people in Austria.
What was the significance of the rise of Prussia?
Prussia emerged as a leading Eastern European power through military and domestic policies.
What was the impact of closing monasteries?
Increased taxation, force military service, and consolidate his power.
What was the impact of expanding south and west into Poland?
Economic Growth, kept serfdom, built and resettled cities, expanded trade, encouraged education (especially for women), built the military.
What was the impact of Peace of Westphalia (1648)?
Each state gains autonomy over religion, weakening of the Holy Roman Empire, religious choice.
What was the impact of the French Revolution?
Less Church authority, fairer taxes, natural rights.
Causes and effects of Peace of Westphalia?
Cause: End of Thirty Years' War. Effect: Weakening of Holy Roman Empire, rise of individual states, religious autonomy.
Causes and effects of Napoleon's reforms?
Cause: Enlightenment ideals, French Revolution. Effect: Unified law code, citizen army, tax reforms, popular sovereignty, religious freedom.
Causes and effects of Maria Theresa's reforms?
Cause: War of Austrian Succession, desire to strengthen Austria. Effect: Improved education, military, and serfdom regulation.
Causes and effects of Joseph II's Edict of Toleration?
Cause: Enlightenment ideals. Effect: Granted limited religious freedoms, but also aimed to consolidate power.
Causes and effects of Frederick William I's military reforms?
Cause: Desire for a strong Prussia. Effect: Developed a system for recruiting soldiers, creating a powerful military.
Causes and effects of Catherine the Great's expansion?
Cause: Desire for economic growth. Effect: Expanded Russia's territory and encouraged education.
Causes and effects of weakening of the Holy Roman Empire?
Cause: Peace of Westphalia. Effect: Rise of individual states like Prussia.
Causes and effects of religious choice?
Cause: Peace of Westphalia. Effect: Reduce Catholic Church's political power.
Causes and effects of Napoleon's military campaigns?
Cause: Sought to control Europe. Effect: Downfall in Russia and defeat at Waterloo.
Causes and effects of closing monasteries?
Cause: Reforms aimed to increase taxation, force military service, and consolidate his power. Effect: Increased taxation, force military service, and consolidate his power.