Scientific, Philosophical, and Political Developments
Which non-European nation was largely affected by European enlightenment principles in mid-18th century?
China during Qing dynasty reforms
Japan under Tokugawa shogunate
United States with its drafting of Constitution
Ottoman Empire with Tanzimat reforms
Who was Catherine II (Catherine the Great) influenced by in her approach to power in Russia?
John Locke
Immanuel Kant
Voltaire
Thomas Hobbes
If Louis XVI had accepted constitutional monarchy during French Revolution instead resisting it, how is it most likely to impact France’s political landscape?
It would lead to an immediate return to absolute monarchy.
It could possibly prevent or delay establishment of a Republic and the subsequent Reign of Terror.
It would result in France becoming a communist state.
The French Revolution wouldn't have happened at all.
How did Thomas Hobbes' "Leviathan," advocating absolute monarchy based on social contract theory, influence political thought?
It was universally accepted as the definitive guide for governance upon publication.
It contributed significantly to debates about the nature and purpose of government which continue today.
It immediately halted all revolutionary movements advocating republicanism across Europe.
It led directly to the restoration of monarchies throughout Europe.
What was a significant cultural trend during the Enlightenment that influenced the art and literature of the time?
Rejection of classical ideas
Increased focus on divine intervention
Emphasis on reason and science
Disregard for human rights
Which estate was exempt from paying taille, France's chief tax, before the French Revolution?
The Third Estate (commoners)
The First Estate (clergy)
All estates paid equally
The Second Estate (nobility)
Whose reign is identified with enlightened absolutism due to efforts in education, health, and justice despite maintaining absolute control?
Frederick the Great
Charles I of England
Peter I of Russia
Louis XIV

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In what way did Voltaire's writings reflect an enlightened approach toward religion in Europe during the eighteenth century?
Urging a return to strict Catholic doctrine as a foundation for moral order and stability.
Advocating for religious tolerance while criticizing intolerance and superstition in established churches.
Calling for atheism as a means to promote scientific progress against religious institutions.
Supporting state control over religion rather than allowing any form of religious expression.
What was a primary consequence of Catherine the Great's policy of religious tolerance in Russia?
Rapid industrialization throughout Russia.
Immediate economic collapse.
Increased cultural diversity and complexity.
A significant decrease in population.
Which conflict led to the development of constitutional monarchy in England?
The Napoleonic Wars
The Glorious Revolution
The French Revolution
Thirty Years' War