All Flashcards
What was the Peace of Westphalia?
A series of peace treaties signed in 1648 that ended the Thirty Years' War in the Holy Roman Empire and the Eighty Years' War between Spain and the Dutch Republic, establishing the concept of sovereign states.
What was the Glorious Revolution?
The overthrow of King James II of England in 1688 by a union of English Parliamentarians with the Dutch William III, resulting in a constitutional monarchy.
What was the Act of Union (1707)?
Legislation that united England and Scotland into the single kingdom of Great Britain.
What was the Seven Years' War?
A global conflict fought between 1756 and 1763 involving most of the great powers of Europe and spanning multiple continents.
What was the French Revolution?
A period of social and political upheaval in late 1700's France that ultimately toppled the monarchy and established a republic.
What was the significance of the steam engine's invention?
It revolutionized manufacturing and transportation, leading to increased productivity and new industries during the Industrial Revolution.
What was the impact of the Bill of Rights in Great Britain?
It limited the power of the monarchy and established rights for Parliament and individuals, contributing to democratic reforms.
What was the impact of the Act of Toleration?
It granted religious freedom to nonconformists in England, though it did not extend to Catholics or Unitarians.
What was the Mutiny Act?
It legalized the use of martial law in the British army, but also established certain rights for soldiers, contributing to the rule of law.
What was the impact of the factory system?
It led to mass migration to cities, urbanization, and new social classes, transforming European society.
Who was Napoleon Bonaparte?
A French military and political leader who rose to prominence during the French Revolution and led several successful campaigns during the Revolutionary Wars.
What is Absolutism?
A political system where a monarch holds supreme autocratic authority, not restricted by laws or a constitution.
What is the Industrial Revolution?
A period of major industrialization that took place during the late 1700s and early 1800s, characterized by new technologies and manufacturing processes.
What is Mercantilism?
An economic theory that promotes governmental regulation of a nation's economy for the purpose of augmenting state power at the expense of rival national powers.
What is the Enlightenment?
An intellectual and philosophical movement that dominated the world of ideas in Europe during the 18th century, emphasizing reason and individualism.
What is Romanticism?
An artistic, literary, musical, and intellectual movement that originated in Europe toward the end of the 18th century, emphasizing emotion and individualism.
What is meant by 'sovereign states'?
Independent states that possess full control over their own affairs within their territorial boundaries.
Define 'commercial agriculture'.
Agriculture undertaken primarily for sale, rather than consumption by the farmer and their family.
What is meant by 'resource exploitation'?
The act of using resources, especially natural resources, for economic growth, often at the expense of environmental or social well-being.
Define 'urbanization'.
The process by which towns and cities are formed and become larger as more and more people begin living and working in central areas.
What is a 'trade surplus'?
The amount by which the value of a country's exports exceeds the value of its imports.