Who was Napoleon Bonaparte?
A French military and political leader who rose to prominence during the French Revolution and led several successful campaigns during the Revolutionary Wars.
What was the Peace of Westphalia?
A series of peace treaties signed in 1648 that ended the Thirty Years' War in the Holy Roman Empire and the Eighty Years' War between Spain and the Dutch Republic, establishing the concept of sovereign states.
What was the Glorious Revolution?
The overthrow of King James II of England in 1688 by a union of English Parliamentarians with the Dutch William III, resulting in a constitutional monarchy.
What was the Act of Union (1707)?
Legislation that united England and Scotland into the single kingdom of Great Britain.
What was the Seven Years' War?
A global conflict fought between 1756 and 1763 involving most of the great powers of Europe and spanning multiple continents.
What was the French Revolution?
A period of social and political upheaval in late 1700's France that ultimately toppled the monarchy and established a republic.
What was the significance of the steam engine's invention?
It revolutionized manufacturing and transportation, leading to increased productivity and new industries during the Industrial Revolution.
What was the impact of the Bill of Rights in Great Britain?
It limited the power of the monarchy and established rights for Parliament and individuals, contributing to democratic reforms.
What was the impact of the Act of Toleration?
It granted religious freedom to nonconformists in England, though it did not extend to Catholics or Unitarians.
What was the Mutiny Act?
It legalized the use of martial law in the British army, but also established certain rights for soldiers, contributing to the rule of law.
What was the impact of the factory system?
It led to mass migration to cities, urbanization, and new social classes, transforming European society.
What were the causes and effects of the Industrial Revolution?
Causes: New technologies, increased trade, and agricultural advancements. Effects: Urbanization, new social classes, and economic growth.
What were the causes and effects of the French Revolution?
Causes: Social inequality, economic crisis, and Enlightenment ideas. Effects: Overthrow of the monarchy, rise of Napoleon, and spread of revolutionary ideals.
What were the causes and effects of European Colonial Expansion?
Causes: Desire for resources, new markets, and political dominance. Effects: Exploitation of colonies, wealth consolidation in Europe, and reshaping of global trade.
What were the causes and effects of the Enlightenment?
Causes: Scientific Revolution, questioning of tradition, and emphasis on reason. Effects: New political ideas, challenges to authority, and social reform movements.
What were the causes and effects of the Peace of Westphalia?
Causes: End of the Thirty Years' War. Effects: Established sovereign states and shifted power dynamics in Europe.
What were the causes and effects of the Glorious Revolution?
Causes: Concerns over James II's pro-Catholic policies. Effects: Established Britain as a major power and led to democratic reforms.
What were the causes and effects of the Seven Years' War?
Causes: Competition for colonial territories and resources. Effects: France lost to Britain, leading to internal tensions and contributing to the French Revolution.
What were the causes and effects of the emphasis on 'Reason and Logic'?
Causes: The Scientific Revolution. Effects: Questioning of established norms and beliefs during the Enlightenment.
What were the causes and effects of the emphasis on 'Emotion over Reason'?
Causes: Reaction to the Enlightenment's focus on rationalism. Effects: Rise of Romanticism, prioritizing feelings, intuition, and imagination.
What were the causes and effects of the Agricultural Shift?
Causes: New farming techniques and technologies. Effects: Transition from subsistence farming to commercial agriculture and increased productivity.
