#AP European History Study Guide: Night Before the Exam 🚀

Hey! Let's get you prepped for this exam. We're focusing on high-impact stuff, making sure you're confident and ready. Let's dive in!

#1. Economic Expansion in the 18th Century 🔗

#Trade and Commerce 🔗

• New Markets & Trade Routes: 🚢 European countries aggressively expanded their trade networks, leading to increased competition and economic growth.
• Industry Growth: 🏭 This expansion fueled new industries like textiles, shipbuilding, and metalworking.
• Global Competition: 🌍 Countries vied for commercial dominance, reshaping global trade.

#Technology and Innovation 🔗

• Industrial Revolution: ⚙️ The steam engine revolutionized manufacturing, boosting productivity.
• Agricultural Shift: 🌾 Subsistence farming gave way to commercial agriculture.
• Urbanization: 🏙️ The factory system led to mass migration to cities.
• Improved Infrastructure: 🛣️ Canals and postal systems enhanced trade and communication.

#European Colonialism 🔗

• Colonial Expansion: 🗺️ European powers controlled colonies in the Americas, Africa, and Asia.
• Resource Exploitation: 💰 Colonies provided raw materials and served as markets for finished goods.
• Wealth Consolidation: 👑 Cash crops and precious metals flowed into Europe, increasing wealth and power.

#2. Politics in the 17th and 18th Centuries 🔗

#After the Peace of Westphalia 🔗

• Peace of Westphalia (1648): 🕊️ Ended the Thirty Years’ War, marking a shift toward sovereign states.
• Absolutism: 👑 Monarchs sought to centralize power, but faced challenges.
• New Political Ideas: 🤔 The 18th century was a hotbed of political tension and innovation.

#Great Britain 🔗

• Glorious Revolution: 📜 Established Britain as a major power.
• Act of Union (1707): 🏴󠁧󠁢󠁥󠁮󠁧󠁿 Unified England and Scotland into Great Britain.
• Democratic Reforms: 🗳️ The Bill of Rights, Act of Toleration, and Mutiny Act increased democracy.

#France 🔗

• Seven Years’ War: ⚔️ France lost to Britain, adding to internal tensions.
• French Revolution: 🇫🇷 Challenged existing political and social structures.
• Napoleon Bonaparte: 💥 Seized power amidst the chaos, aiming to spread revolutionary ideals.

Caption: The execution of Louis XVI symbolized the radical shift in power during the French Revolution.

#3. Philosophical Values 🔗

#The Enlightenment and Scientific Revolution 🔗

• Reason and Logic: 💡 These movements emphasized rational thought and scientific inquiry.
• Challenge to Tradition: 🧐 They questioned established norms and beliefs.

#Romanticism 🔗

• Emotion over Reason: ❤️ Romanticism prioritized feelings, intuition, and imagination.
• Tradition and Community: 🏘️ Emphasized the importance of heritage and social bonds.
• Individual Experience: 🎭 Celebrated creativity and the emotional human experience.

The Enlightenment, French Revolution, and Industrial Revolution are HUGE topics. Make sure you understand their causes, key figures, and long-term impacts. 💯

#Final Exam Focus 🔗

#High-Priority Topics

• The Industrial Revolution: Causes, effects, and social changes. 🏭
• The French Revolution: Causes, key events, and Napoleon's impact. 🇫🇷
• The Enlightenment: Key thinkers and their influence on political thought. 💡
• 18th-Century Colonialism: Economic and political consequences. 🗺️
• Romanticism: Its reaction to the Enlightenment and its cultural impact. ❤️

#Common Question Types

• Multiple Choice: Focus on specific events, causes, and effects.
• Short Answer: Be clear, concise, and use specific historical evidence.
• Free Response: Develop a strong thesis and support it with detailed analysis.

#Last-Minute Tips

• Time Management: Allocate time for each section and stick to it. ⏰
• Read Carefully: Pay close attention to the wording of questions. 🧐
• Use Evidence: Always back up your answers with historical facts and examples. 📚
• Stay Calm: Take deep breaths and trust your preparation. 🧘

#Practice Questions 🔗

Practice Question

#Multiple Choice Questions

1. Which of the following best describes the primary goal of mercantilism? (A) To promote free trade among nations (B) To establish colonies for religious freedom (C) To accumulate wealth for the mother country through trade surpluses (D) To encourage the growth of domestic industries through protectionist policies

2. The ideas of the Enlightenment thinkers were most directly challenged by which of the following? (A) The Scientific Revolution (B) The French Revolution (C) The Romantic Movement (D) The Protestant Reformation

3. Which of the following was a major consequence of the Industrial Revolution? (A) A decline in urbanization (B) A decrease in the standard of living for most people (C) A shift from agricultural to industrial economies (D) A weakening of the power of the middle class

#Free Response Question (FRQ)

Analyze the social and economic effects of the Industrial Revolution on European society between 1750 and 1900.

Scoring Breakdown:

• Thesis (1 point): A clear, historically defensible thesis that addresses social and economic effects.
  • Example: "The Industrial Revolution fundamentally transformed European society, leading to significant social stratification, urbanization, and new economic systems characterized by factory production and global trade."
• Evidence (2-3 points): Provides specific historical evidence to support the thesis.
  • Examples: Factory system, child labor, urbanization, new social classes, technological innovations, increased trade, etc. (Each specific example is worth 1 point, up to 3 points)
• Analysis (2-3 points): Explains how the evidence supports the thesis, showing a clear understanding of the social and economic changes.
  • Examples: Explanation of how the factory system led to new social classes, how urbanization led to new social problems, the impact of technological innovation on production and trade, etc. (Each explanation is worth 1 point, up to 3 points)
• Synthesis (1 point): Extends the argument by connecting it to other historical contexts or developments.
  • Example: "The Industrial Revolution's impact on European society can be compared to the effects of the Neolithic Revolution, both of which caused major social and economic transformations."

You've got this! Go get 'em! 💪