Glossary
Absolutism
A political theory and form of government where unlimited, centralized power is held by a monarch or dictator, often claiming divine right.
Example:
Louis XIV's reign in France exemplified absolutism, with the king holding ultimate authority over all aspects of the state, a stark contrast to the Dutch system.
Amsterdam
The principal city and financial center of the Dutch Republic during the Golden Age, serving as a hub for international trade and banking.
Example:
With its bustling port and innovative financial institutions, Amsterdam became the wealthiest city in Europe and a global commercial powerhouse.
Amsterdam Public Bank
A pioneering financial institution established in 1609 in Amsterdam, which facilitated international trade by offering secure deposits and bills of exchange.
Example:
The reliability of the Amsterdam Public Bank attracted merchants from all over Europe, making it easier and safer to conduct large-scale transactions.
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
A Dutch scientist and tradesman, often referred to as 'the Father of Microbiology,' who made significant improvements to the microscope and was the first to observe microorganisms.
Example:
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek used his self-made microscopes to observe and describe bacteria, muscle fibers, and blood flow, opening up a new world of microscopic life.
Calvinism
A major branch of Protestantism that follows the theological tradition and forms of Christian practice of John Calvin, emphasizing predestination and a strict moral code.
Example:
After breaking from Spanish rule, Calvinism became the dominant religion in the Dutch Republic, influencing its societal values and work ethic.
Dutch East India Company (VOC)
A powerful chartered company established in 1602, which monopolized the spice trade in Asia and played a crucial role in the Dutch global commercial empire.
Example:
The Dutch East India Company (VOC) was the first multinational corporation and issued its own stock, demonstrating the advanced financial practices of the era.
Dutch Golden Age
A period in Dutch history, roughly the 17th century, characterized by immense economic prosperity, cultural flourishing, and scientific advancement.
Example:
During the Dutch Golden Age, the Netherlands became a dominant force in global trade and produced world-renowned artists like Rembrandt.
Dutch Golden Age Art
A distinctive artistic movement of the 17th century in the Netherlands, characterized by realistic depictions of everyday life, portraits, landscapes, and still lifes.
Example:
Vermeer's 'Girl with a Pearl Earring' is a quintessential example of Dutch Golden Age Art, showcasing the era's mastery of light and detail.
Dutch Republic
The unique political system of the Netherlands during the Golden Age, characterized by a decentralized government composed of independent provinces, rather than an absolute monarchy.
Example:
Unlike the centralized monarchies of France or Spain, the Dutch Republic operated as a federation of provinces, granting significant autonomy to local authorities.
Mercantilism
An economic theory prevalent in Europe from the 16th to the 18th centuries, advocating for government regulation of a nation's economy to augment state power at the expense of rival national powers.
Example:
While many European powers pursued mercantilism through protectionist tariffs and colonial monopolies, the Dutch Republic often favored free trade to expand its commercial network.
Oligarchy
A form of government in which power is concentrated in the hands of a small, privileged group or class, typically wealthy merchants or nobles.
Example:
The oligarchy of wealthy burghers and regents in Dutch cities wielded significant political and economic influence, shaping the Republic's policies.
Religious Tolerance
The acceptance of different religious beliefs and practices, which was a hallmark of the Dutch Republic during the Golden Age.
Example:
The policy of religious tolerance in the Netherlands attracted skilled artisans, merchants, and intellectuals from across Europe, contributing to its economic and cultural vibrancy.
René Descartes
A French philosopher, mathematician, and scientist who spent much of his adult life in the Dutch Republic, known for his foundational work in philosophy and analytical geometry.
Example:
René Descartes famously articulated the concept of 'Cogito, ergo sum' ('I think, therefore I am'), profoundly influencing Western philosophy.
Scientific Revolution
A period of rapid advancements in scientific thought and discovery that took place in Europe from the 16th to the 18th centuries, challenging traditional views.
Example:
The Netherlands was a significant center for the Scientific Revolution, providing a tolerant environment for thinkers like Descartes to publish their groundbreaking works.
States General
The legislative body of the Dutch Republic, composed of representatives from each of the seven provinces, responsible for making collective decisions.
Example:
Crucial decisions regarding foreign policy and war were debated and decided by the States General, requiring consensus among the provincial delegates.