Industrialization and Its Effects

It led to widespread adoption of constitutional monarchies.

Legitimacy restored hereditary monarchs to power.

Legitimacy encouraged the immediate implementation of universal suffrage.

It promoted republican governments over monarchies.

It could have accelerated the spread of socialism throughout Europe by providing a new model for economic integration.

It could have led to an earlier consolidation of power in Central Europe, potentially preventing some nationalist conflicts.

It would have caused the immediate collapse of the Ottoman Empire due to increased pressure on its European territories.

It would have resulted in immediate democratic reforms across European monarchies due to heightened liberal pressures.

The defeat at Waterloo in June 1815 by British-led forces under Wellington supported by Prussians under Blücher.

The signing of the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648 ending the Thirty Years' War.

The start of World War I in 1914 due to the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary and tensions among European powers.

The fall of Napoleon's Egyptian campaign (1798-1801) by Ottoman Empire forces with British naval support.

King Louis XVI

Metternich

Napoleon Bonaparte

Tsar Alexander I

Interventionist diplomacy focused solely on economic sanctions against revolutionaries.

Powers intervened militarily in other states to quell revolutionary movements.

Intervention primarily involved cultural exchanges to promote pan-European identity over nationalism.

Military intervention was used exclusively against external non-European threats.

They advanced secularism in governance as opposed to religious authority.

They supported greater autonomy for ethnic minorities within empires.

They sought to suppress nationalist and liberal movements across Europe.

They encouraged rapid industrialization and economic liberalism in Central Europe.

Liberalism

Monarchism

Imperialism

Nationalism

Louis XVIII

Metternich

Napoleon Bonaparte

Czar Alexander I

To democratize all European territories under Austrian control.

To encourage class mobility and social levelling in Europe.

To suppress national and liberal ideas, as they were seen as threats to conservative monarchy post-Napoleonic Wars.

To promote industrialization within Austria and its allies.

The promotion of liberal ideals motivated support for nationalist uprisings.

Religious considerations were paramount, leading to selective intervention only in Catholic countries.

Economic interests guided decisions towards non-interventionist policies.

The desire to maintain a balance of power led to interventions to suppress revolutions.