Industrialization and Its Effects
In what way did Giuseppe Garibaldi contribute to Italian unification during the Risorgimento?
Negotiating treaties with foreign powers to recognize an independent Italian kingdom.
Instituting democratic reforms across Papal States leading them to join a united Italy.
Leading the Red Shirts to conquer Sicily and Naples, which later joined unified Italy.
Composing nationalist literature that incited revolts against Austrian rule in northern Italy.
Who is the author of “Les Misérables,” a social commentary on life in France during these years?
Alexandre Dumas
Emile Zola
Victor Hugo
Gustave Flaubert
How did post-colonial theory interpret the Scramble for Africa in late 19th century?
As an expression of progressive globalization.
As a demonstration of pan-African unity against foreign invaders.
As a manifestation of European imperialism and exploitation.
As African states' strategic move towards partnering with strong European nations.
In what significant way did the Napoleonic Code influence the judicial systems in Europe during this period?
It replaced feudal law and became a reference for legal reforms in several European nations.
It established English as the official legal language in European courts.
It made dueling illegal across Europe overnight.
It made France the supreme arbiter of justice in all of Europe.
Which of the following most accurately represents how the 1848 revolutions influenced international dynamics in Europe?
Formation of a unified European government
Decreased militarization
Increased colonial expansion
Heightened nationalism and self-determination
From a feminist perspective, which event marked a turning point for women's rights in this era?
Publication of Mary Shelley's "Frankenstein" (1818)
Passage of Married Women’s Property Act in Britain (1882)
Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand (1914)
Launching of SS Great Britain (1843)
How might European history have diverged if the 1848 Revolutions had been completely successful in establishing lasting democratic governments?
Monarchies would regain power swiftly because of the economic decline.
The Industrial Revolution would have been delayed due to political instability.
Europe could have unified earlier, preventing colonial competition and major global conflicts.
Feudalism would re-emerge as a prevalent governing system in Europe.

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What was a long-term impact of Emile Zola’s open letter “J’accuse” during the Dreyfus Affair?
It led to immediate expulsion of all anti-semitic elements from French society.
The publication of "J'accuse" prompted countries across Europe to enact laws prohibiting anti-Semitism overnight.
It highlighted anti-semitism and division within French society, influencing future debates on civil rights.
Zola’s letter resulted in an immediate pardon for Dreyfus by the French government.
Which social group's conditions inspired Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels to write "The Communist Manifesto"?
The nobility
Industrial workers
Farm laborers
Middle-class entrepreneurs
What impact did the spread of nationalism have on multiethnic empires in Europe during the period between revolutions (1815-1914)?
Nationalist sentiments were suppressed effectively by all multiethnic empires, preventing any dissent.
Nationalism led to increased cooperation between different ethnicities under centralized imperial rule.
Nationalism had little effect as loyalty to multiethnic empires remained strong throughout this period.
Nationalism fueled movements for independence or autonomy among various ethnic groups within empires.