# AP European History Study Guide 🚀 Hey! Let's get you prepped for the AP Euro exam. This guide is designed to be your go-to resource, especially the night before the test. We'll break down key concepts, make connections, and give you some killer memory aids. Let's do this! ## Political Sovereignty ### The French Revolution The **French Revolution** 🇫🇷 and Napoleon's reign were HUGE game-changers. They challenged how political power was understood in 18th-century Europe, both between states and within them. * The French Revolution questioned the existing political and social order. Think: **Liberty, Fraternity, Equality**! * The revolution's ideals inspired some, like the Haitians in the **Haitian Revolution**, but were criticized by others. * **Edmund Burke**, a British statesman, was a major critic. He thought the revolution was a radical break from tradition and a threat to social order. His views resonated with conservatives across Europe. ### Napoleon's Reign **Napoleon** came to power claiming to defend the Revolution's ideals, but his rule was complex. * He brought in domestic reforms like boosting civic literacy, restoring the Catholic Church, and implementing the **Napoleonic Code** (French Civil Code). * The Napoleonic Code influenced legal systems across Europe. * However, he also used censorship and a secret police to suppress opposition, limiting freedoms. * Through the **Napoleonic Wars**, Napoleon spread revolutionary ideas across Europe, using new military tactics, conscription, and officer training. * His actions upset the balance of power, leading to nationalistic responses aimed at restoring the traditional conservative order. * After several coalitions, Napoleon was defeated, abdicated, and exiled, only to return briefly during the **Hundred Days' War**. ### The Congress of Vienna The **Congress of Vienna**, led by **Klemens von Metternich**, aimed to restore Europe after Napoleon. * The Bourbons were put back on the French throne. * European borders were redrawn. * Liberalism and nationalism were suppressed to "undo

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Continuity and Change in the 18th-Century States

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