Migrations within and to Europe Since 1945
Samuel Baker
6 min read
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#European Migration & Shifting Ideologies: A Last-Minute Review š
Hey there! Let's get you exam-ready with a focused review of European migration and its impact. We'll break down the key concepts, highlight crucial points, and give you the confidence you need. Let's do this!
#1. Post-War Migration to Western & Central Europe š
The mid-20th century saw a significant influx of migrants into Western and Central Europe, fundamentally altering the continent's social and cultural landscape.
#1.1. The Push and Pull Factors (1950s-1960s)
- Economic Boom & Labor Shortages: š· *
Post-WWII economic recovery created a high demand for labor, attracting workers from various regions.
As European colonial empires dissolved, people migrated from former colonies to the 'mother country'.
Individuals fleeing authoritarian communist regimes in Eastern Europe sought refuge in the West.
Initial migrants brought over family members, further increasing immigration numbers.
Uneven recovery from WWII led people to seek better opportunities in more prosperous nations.
#1.2. Impact of Migration
- Cultural and Religious Diversity: *
Migrants brought diverse religions and cultures, enriching European society but also sparking debates.
European society became increasingly secular as traditional religious influence waned.
#2. The Rise of Xenophobia and Nationalist Parties (1970s Onward) š
The economic downturn of the 1970s triggered a surge in xenophobia and the rise of anti-immigrant political parties.
#2.1. Economic Downturn & Blame
Economic hardship led to scapegoating of immigrants, who were blamed for societal problems.
#2.2. Key Anti-Immigrant Parties
- French National Front (FN):
- Founded in 1972, it embraced conservative and fascist ideologies.
Advocated for strict immigration policies and reduction of asylum seekers.
Initially focused on anti-communism and anti-Semitism, later shifting to anti-immigration.
#2.3. Persistent Influence
These parties continue to shape the political landscape in their respective countries, despite accusations of extremism.
#2.4. Shift to Market-Oriented Economies
The move towards market-oriented economies in the 1970s exacerbated inequality and reduced government support, further fueling social tensions.
#3. Key Takeaways & Exam Tips š”
Remember the push and pull factors of migration. Understand how economic conditions can influence social attitudes and political movements.
- Mnemonic: Labor, Decolonization, Refugees, Family, Post-War (LDRFP) - helps remember the causes of migration.
- Analogy: Think of migration as a river flowing towards areas of opportunity, but also encountering obstacles and resistance.
Don't confuse the causes of migration with the consequences. Be clear on the difference between economic factors and social/political reactions.
#4. Final Exam Focus šÆ
Focus on the interplay between economic conditions, migration patterns, and the rise of nationalist movements. Be prepared to analyze primary source excerpts related to these topics.
#4.1. High-Priority Topics
- Causes of Migration: Labor shortages, decolonization, refugees, family reunification, post-war recovery.
- Impact of Migration: Cultural diversity, secularization, social tensions.
- Rise of Xenophobia: Economic downturn, scapegoating, nationalist parties.
- Political Ideologies: Conservatism, fascism, Euroscepticism, anti-immigration.
#4.2. Common Question Types
- Document-Based Questions (DBQs): Analyze primary sources related to migration and its impact.
- Short Answer Questions (SAQs): Explain the causes and consequences of migration, or the rise of nationalist parties.
- Long Essay Questions (LEQs): Compare and contrast different migration patterns or analyze the impact of economic changes on social attitudes.
#4.3. Last-Minute Tips
- Time Management: Don't spend too long on any one question. Move on and come back if you have time.
- Common Pitfalls: Avoid generalizations. Be specific and use evidence to support your claims.
- Challenging Questions: Break down complex questions into smaller parts. Identify the key concepts and address them one by one.
The rise of anti-immigrant sentiment is not unique to Europe; it's a global phenomenon often linked to economic anxieties.
You've got this! Stay calm, trust your preparation, and remember the key concepts. Good luck on your exam! šŖ
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