Explains the spatial distribution of urban settlements and trade. Larger places offer more goods/services.

Areas within a city characterized by poverty, crime, and lack of amenities, often associated with informal settlements.

Fair treatment and meaningful involvement of all people regardless of race, color, national origin, or income with respect to the development, implementation, and enforcement of environmental laws, regulations, and policies.

The ideal of owning a single-family home in a suburban setting, often contributing to the demand for suburban living and sprawl.

Economic activities that are not formally regulated or taxed by the government, often prevalent in informal settlements.

Development that combines residential, commercial, and recreational uses in the same area, promoting walkability and reducing reliance on cars.

A network of natural and semi-natural areas designed to provide ecological services and enhance environmental quality in urban areas.

The number of people or housing units per unit of land area, often used as a measure of compactness and efficiency in urban planning.

Energy derived from sources that are naturally replenished, such as solar, wind, and hydropower.

The deterioration of the environment through depletion of resources such as air, water and soil; the destruction of ecosystems; habitat destruction; the extinction of wildlife; and pollution.

Placelessness is the feeling that everywhere is the same, while sense of place is the emotional attachment to a specific location.

Developed: Aging infrastructure, consumption. Developing: Rapid growth, informal settlements, basic needs.

Suburban Sprawl: Cheaper land, desire for single-family homes. Urban Decline: Loss of jobs, aging infrastructure, crime.

Squatter settlements: Homemade structures on occupied land. Shantytowns: Lack legal land claims, lack infrastructure.

Past: Focus on economic growth and infrastructure. Current: Focus on sustainability, equity, and environmental protection.

Gentrified neighborhood: Increased property values, displacement of low-income residents. Informal settlement: Poverty, lack of infrastructure, insecure housing.

High density: Lower per capita energy consumption, less land use. Low density: Higher per capita energy consumption, more car dependence.

Public transportation: Reduces emissions, congestion, and land use. Private vehicle use: Increases emissions, congestion, and land use.

Developed countries: Focus on recycling and waste reduction. Developing countries: Lack of infrastructure, open dumping, health risks.

Central business districts: High-paying jobs, diverse industries. Suburban areas: Retail, services, lower-paying jobs.

Causes: High population density, consumption patterns. Effects: Water scarcity, energy shortages, strain on infrastructure.

Causes: Industrial activity, traffic, waste disposal. Effects: Air/water pollution, health problems, loss of biodiversity.

Causes: Car dependence, inadequate public transport. Effects: Congestion, pollution, time wasted commuting.

Causes: Lack of job opportunities, inadequate housing, discrimination. Effects: Social unrest, crime, health disparities.

Causes: Cheaper land, desire for single-family homes, car dependence. Effects: Increased car use, habitat loss, declining central city use.

Causes: Past industrial activity, contamination. Effects: Health hazards, blight, prevents redevelopment.

Causes: Suburban sprawl, urban expansion. Effects: Deforestation, loss of farmland, reduced biodiversity.

Causes: Rural-to-urban migration, economic opportunities. Effects: Informal settlements, strain on infrastructure, poverty.

Causes: Rapid growth, lack of planning, poverty. Effects: Poor sanitation, disease, lack of access to services.

Causes: Hazardous locations, poor construction. Effects: Displacement, loss of life, spread of disease.