Causes: High population density, consumption patterns. Effects: Water scarcity, energy shortages, strain on infrastructure.

Causes: Industrial activity, traffic, waste disposal. Effects: Air/water pollution, health problems, loss of biodiversity.

Causes: Car dependence, inadequate public transport. Effects: Congestion, pollution, time wasted commuting.

Causes: Lack of job opportunities, inadequate housing, discrimination. Effects: Social unrest, crime, health disparities.

Causes: Cheaper land, desire for single-family homes, car dependence. Effects: Increased car use, habitat loss, declining central city use.

Causes: Past industrial activity, contamination. Effects: Health hazards, blight, prevents redevelopment.

Causes: Suburban sprawl, urban expansion. Effects: Deforestation, loss of farmland, reduced biodiversity.

Causes: Rural-to-urban migration, economic opportunities. Effects: Informal settlements, strain on infrastructure, poverty.

Causes: Rapid growth, lack of planning, poverty. Effects: Poor sanitation, disease, lack of access to services.

Causes: Hazardous locations, poor construction. Effects: Displacement, loss of life, spread of disease.

Explains the spatial distribution of urban settlements and trade. Larger places offer more goods/services.

Areas within a city characterized by poverty, crime, and lack of amenities, often associated with informal settlements.

Fair treatment and meaningful involvement of all people regardless of race, color, national origin, or income with respect to the development, implementation, and enforcement of environmental laws, regulations, and policies.

The ideal of owning a single-family home in a suburban setting, often contributing to the demand for suburban living and sprawl.

Economic activities that are not formally regulated or taxed by the government, often prevalent in informal settlements.

Development that combines residential, commercial, and recreational uses in the same area, promoting walkability and reducing reliance on cars.

A network of natural and semi-natural areas designed to provide ecological services and enhance environmental quality in urban areas.

The number of people or housing units per unit of land area, often used as a measure of compactness and efficiency in urban planning.

Energy derived from sources that are naturally replenished, such as solar, wind, and hydropower.

The deterioration of the environment through depletion of resources such as air, water and soil; the destruction of ecosystems; habitat destruction; the extinction of wildlife; and pollution.

Meeting present needs without compromising future generations; balancing social, economic, and environmental factors in cities.

The expansion of cities outwards, characterized by low-density residential and commercial development on the urban fringe.

Abandoned industrial or commercial sites with potential environmental contamination.

Areas outside city centers in developing countries marked by poverty, poor living conditions, and often lacking legal recognition.

Homemade structures on occupied land, often lacking legal permission.

Neighborhoods without legal land claims, lacking infrastructure, basic services, and legal recognition.

The feeling that everywhere looks the same, often associated with chain stores and generic landscapes.

The emotional attachment to a specific place, making it feel unique and special.

The visible imprint of human activity on the land, a mix of natural and human-made features.

Policies and practices aimed at preserving agricultural land from urban development.