#AP Human Geography: Population & Migration - The Night Before 🌃

Hey there! Let's get you feeling confident and ready to ace this exam. We're going to break down the key concepts, make some crucial connections, and get you prepped for anything they throw your way. Let's do this!

#🚀 The Big Picture: Population Growth

#🏭 Industrial Revolution (Late 1700s - Early 1800s)

• What it was: A period of HUGE economic and social change in Europe and North America.
• Key Drivers:
  • New energy sources (coal, steam)
  • New tech (steam engine, power loom)
  • Capital investments
  • International trade & transport (canals, railways)
• Impact:
  • Growth of cities and the middle class
  • Global economy
  • Environmental and social issues (pollution, labor exploitation)

#🏥 Medical Revolution (1900s)

• What it was: Rapid advancements in medicine that drastically increased life expectancy.
• Key Developments:
  • Antibiotics (penicillin, streptomycin) 💊
  • Hormone therapies
  • Chemotherapy
  • X-ray, CT scans, MRI
  • Vaccines and immunizations 💉
• Impact: Major improvements in health and healthcare, leading to lower mortality rates.

#🌱 Green Revolution (Mid-1900s)

• What it was: A period of rapid agricultural development, especially in developing countries.
• Key Features:
  • High-yield crop varieties (dwarf wheat, rice) 🌾
  • Chemical fertilizers and pesticides
  • Irrigation systems
  • Mechanization (tractors, harvesters)
• Impact:
  • Increased global food production
  • Helped feed a growing population
  • Environmental and social impacts (resource depletion, displacement of small farmers)

Caption: This graph shows the exponential growth of the world's population since the 1800s, highlighting the impact of the Industrial, Medical, and Green Revolutions.

#🌍 Context is Key: How it All Connects

Before the Industrial Revolution, population growth was slow and steady. The Industrial Revolution led to a second agricultural revolution, causing a population boom in developed countries. In the 1900s, the Medical and Green Revolutions drastically reduced mortality rates and increased food production, causing a population spike in developing countries. Remember, these revolutions are interconnected and are key to understanding population growth patterns.

• Malthus's Prediction: Thomas Malthus predicted cataclysmic famine due to population growth outpacing food production. While this didn't happen on a global scale, resource scarcity is still an issue in some areas.
• Migration: People move for better economic opportunities (voluntary) and due to war, poverty, or environmental issues (forced).

#📅 Timeline of Key Events

• 1760-1840: Industrial Revolution
• 1798: Malthus publishes 'An Essay on the Principles of Population'
• 1804: World population hits 1 billion
• 1845-1849: Irish Potato Famine
• 1854: John Snow links cholera to a tainted water pump
• 1927: World population hits 2 billion
• 1955: Jonas Salk develops the polio vaccine
• 1960: World population hits 3 billion
• 1970: Norman Borlaug wins Nobel Peace Prize
• 1974: World population hits 4 billion
• 1987: World population hits 5 billion
• 1999: World population hits 6 billion
• 2011: World population hits 7 billion
• 2023-2024: World population estimated to hit 8 billion

#🧑‍🏫 Important People & Definitions

#👤 Thomas Malthus

• Who he was: English economist and demographer.
• Key Idea: Population grows exponentially, while resources grow linearly. 💡
• Theory: Population growth will outstrip resources, leading to a crisis.
• Criticisms: Overly negative, didn't account for technological and social innovation.

#🥔 Irish Potato Famine

• What it was: Mass starvation, disease, and emigration in Ireland (1845-1852).
• Cause: Potato blight, which destroyed potato crops.
• Impact: Millions died or emigrated, significant population decline.
• Malthus's Influence: The UK government used Malthus's ideas as justification for not helping the Irish.

#💧 Cholera Outbreak & John Snow

• John Snow: English physician and epidemiologist.
• Key Contribution: Traced the 1854 London cholera outbreak to a contaminated water pump.
• Impact: Proved cholera was waterborne, not airborne. Led to improved sanitation.

#💉 Polio Vaccine & Jonas Salk

• Jonas Salk: American medical researcher and virologist.
• Achievement: Developed the first safe and effective polio vaccine (1950s).
• Impact: Reduced polio incidence worldwide.

#🌾 High-Yield Crops & Norman Borlaug

• Norman Borlaug: American agricultural scientist.
• Known As: "Father of the Green Revolution."
• Contribution: Developed high-yield varieties of crops (wheat, rice).
• Impact: Increased food production and reduced hunger in developing countries.

#🎯 Final Exam Focus

• Highest Priority Topics:
  • Demographic Transition Model (not covered in this document, but crucial!)
  • Malthusian Theory and its critiques
  • Push and pull factors of migration
  • Impact of technological and medical advancements on population
• Common Question Types:
  • Multiple-choice questions testing your understanding of key concepts and definitions
  • Short-answer questions asking you to explain the causes and consequences of population growth
  • Free-response questions requiring you to analyze and evaluate different perspectives on population and migration
• Last-Minute Tips:
  • Stay calm and manage your time wisely.
  • Read questions carefully and underline key terms.
  • Use examples to support your answers.
  • Don't leave any questions blank!

#📝 Practice Questions

Practice Question

Multiple Choice Questions

1. Which of the following best describes the primary impact of the Industrial Revolution on global population patterns? (A) A decrease in birth rates in developed countries (B) A rapid increase in population growth in Europe and North America (C) A shift in population from rural to urban areas in developing countries (D) A decrease in overall global population due to increased mortality rates

2. The Green Revolution is most closely associated with which of the following? (A) The development of new medical technologies (B) The widespread adoption of high-yield crop varieties (C) The growth of manufacturing industries in developing countries (D) The reduction of pollution in urban areas

3. Which of the following is a criticism of Malthus's theory of population growth? (A) It overestimates the potential for technological innovation. (B) It fails to account for the impact of medical advancements on population. (C) It assumes that resources grow exponentially. (D) It overlooks the possibility of increased food production through agricultural advancements

Free Response Question

Explain how the Industrial Revolution, Medical Revolution, and Green Revolution have impacted global population growth. Be sure to discuss the positive and negative consequences of these revolutions. (7 points)

Scoring Breakdown:

• (1 point): Correctly identifies that the Industrial Revolution led to increased food production and population growth in developed countries.
• (1 point): Correctly identifies that the Medical Revolution led to decreased mortality rates and increased population growth globally.
• (1 point): Correctly identifies that the Green Revolution led to increased food production and population growth in developing countries.
• (2 points): Discusses at least two positive consequences of these revolutions (e.g., increased life expectancy, reduced hunger, economic growth).
• (2 points): Discusses at least two negative consequences of these revolutions (e.g., environmental degradation, resource depletion, displacement of small farmers, increased urbanization).

You've got this! Go get that 5! 💪