Glossary
Akira Yoshino
A Japanese chemist who received the 2019 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his significant contributions to the development of lithium-ion batteries.
Example:
Thanks to Akira Yoshino's work, our smartphones and electric vehicles are powered by efficient lithium-ion batteries.
Blue LED lights
Energy-efficient light-emitting diodes that produce blue light, whose invention by Japanese scientists revolutionized lighting and display technologies.
Example:
The widespread use of blue LED lights has significantly reduced global energy consumption for illumination.
Cancer immunotherapy
A type of cancer treatment that boosts the body's natural defenses to fight cancer, often by using substances made by the body or in a laboratory to improve or restore immune system function.
Example:
The discovery of PD-1 by Tasuku Honjo led to breakthroughs in cancer immunotherapy, offering new treatment avenues.
Chikatetsu (地下鉄)
The Japanese word for subway, referring to the extensive underground train networks essential for urban travel, especially in large cities like Tokyo.
Example:
Navigating Tokyo's bustling city center is made easy by its vast and efficient chikatetsu system.
Chishitsu (地質)
The Japanese term for geology, referring to the study of Earth's physical structure and substances, which in Japan is characterized by volcanic activity and abundant hot springs.
Example:
Japan's unique chishitsu is responsible for its frequent earthquakes but also its numerous natural hot springs.
Climate change
Long-term shifts in temperatures and weather patterns, largely caused by human activities, to which Japan, as an island nation, is particularly vulnerable.
Example:
Japan is actively working on strategies to mitigate the effects of climate change and promote environmental sustainability.
Consumer Electronics
Electronic equipment intended for everyday use, such as cameras, televisions, and gaming consoles, a sector where Japanese companies have historically been global leaders.
Example:
Japanese brands are synonymous with high-quality consumer electronics, from advanced cameras to innovative gaming systems.
Digital Camera
An electronic device that captures and stores images digitally, pioneered by Japanese companies and transforming the photography industry worldwide.
Example:
The invention of the digital camera made it possible for everyone to instantly view and share photos without needing film development.
HALCA
An acronym for Highly Advanced Laboratory for Communications and Astronomy, it was a Japanese satellite launched by JAXA for very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) observations.
Example:
The HALCA mission provided valuable data for astronomers studying distant cosmic radio sources.
Hayabusa
A series of Japanese robotic spacecraft missions designed to return samples from asteroids, demonstrating advanced space exploration capabilities.
Example:
The Hayabusa mission successfully brought back asteroid samples, providing scientists with direct material from space.
Hiroshi Amano
A Japanese physicist who shared the 2014 Nobel Prize in Physics with Isamu Akasaki and Shuji Nakamura for their groundbreaking work on blue LEDs.
Example:
Hiroshi Amano's research was crucial in developing the blue LED, a component now ubiquitous in modern electronics.
Honne (本音)
A person's true feelings, desires, and intentions, which are often kept private and not openly expressed in public or formal settings in Japanese culture.
Example:
After a long day of maintaining her tatemae, she finally shared her honne with her closest friend.
Hybrid and electric cars
Vehicles that combine a gasoline engine with an electric motor (hybrid) or run solely on electricity (electric), representing Japan's commitment to eco-friendly transportation solutions.
Example:
Japanese automakers are pioneers in the production of hybrid and electric cars, contributing to reduced carbon emissions.
Hōgen (方言)
A regional dialect or accent in Japan, often influenced by geographical features like mountains that historically isolated communities.
Example:
Someone from Kansai might speak with a distinct hōgen that sounds different from the standard Japanese spoken in Tokyo.
Isamu Akasaki
A Japanese physicist who, along with Hiroshi Amano and Shuji Nakamura, was awarded the 2014 Nobel Prize in Physics for the invention of efficient blue light-emitting diodes (LEDs).
Example:
The work of Isamu Akasaki revolutionized lighting technology, leading to more energy-efficient devices.
JAXA (Japanese Aerospace Exploration Agency)
Japan's national aerospace and space agency, responsible for research and development in space, aviation, and related technologies, often collaborating with international partners.
Example:
JAXA has launched successful missions, including asteroid sample returns and satellite deployments.
Japan Science and Technology Agency (科学技術振興機構)
A government agency in Japan responsible for funding basic research and facilitating the commercialization of new technologies. It also plays a crucial role in distributing scientific and technological information.
Example:
The Japan Science and Technology Agency provided grants for cutting-edge research into renewable energy sources.
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
An independent institution focused on supporting young researchers and fostering international scientific exchange through grants and programs.
Example:
A promising young scientist received a fellowship from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science to conduct research abroad.
Kaigan-sen (海岸線)
The Japanese term for coastline, which has profoundly shaped Japan's culture, economy, and history through fishing and maritime trade.
Example:
Japan's extensive kaigan-sen has led to a rich seafood culinary tradition and a strong maritime industry.
Kankō (観光)
The Japanese term for tourism, a significant industry in Japan, often boosted by innovations like the Shinkansen.
Example:
The cherry blossom season brings a huge wave of kankō to Japan, with visitors eager to see the beautiful flowers.
Kenko (健康)
The Japanese word for 'health,' often used in discussions about well-being, preventative care, and lifestyle choices.
Example:
Maintaining a balanced diet and regular exercise are crucial for good kenko.
Kenko tsukuri (健康つくり)
A Japanese concept meaning 'health creation,' which emphasizes personal responsibility for one's health while also relying on community support and preventative care.
Example:
Participating in a local community walking group to stay active and connect with neighbors is an embodiment of kenko tsukuri.
Key Japanese Universities (Research Hubs)
Prominent academic institutions in Japan, such as The University of Tokyo, Kyoto University, and Waseda University, that serve as major centers for scientific research and innovation.
Example:
Key Japanese Universities like Kyoto University are at the forefront of advanced robotics research.
Koichi Wakata (宇宙飛行士)
A prominent Japanese astronaut who has participated in multiple space missions, including long-duration stays on the International Space Station.
Example:
Koichi Wakata is a celebrated figure in Japan's space exploration efforts, inspiring many young people.
Lithium-ion batteries
Rechargeable batteries that are widely used in portable electronic devices and electric vehicles due to their high energy density and long cycle life.
Example:
The development of lithium-ion batteries by Akira Yoshino enabled the proliferation of mobile technology.
Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology (文部科学省)
A Japanese government ministry that manages the nation's overall science policies, promotes international collaboration, and oversees education and research activities, including national universities.
Example:
The Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology announced new initiatives to boost STEM education in high schools.
Mottainai (もったいない)
A Japanese concept expressing regret over waste and encouraging respect for resources by minimizing their misuse. It embodies a 'waste not, want not' philosophy.
Example:
Reusing a plastic bottle for water instead of buying a new one demonstrates the spirit of mottainai.
Nobel Prize Laureates
Individuals who have been awarded a Nobel Prize for their outstanding achievements in various fields, with Japan having a notable number of winners in science.
Example:
Japan celebrates its numerous Nobel Prize Laureates who have made significant contributions to global scientific knowledge.
Onsen (温泉)
Natural hot spring baths in Japan, often used for relaxation, therapeutic benefits, and cultural enjoyment. They are a popular way to unwind and de-stress.
Example:
After a long day of hiking, soaking in a volcanic onsen is a quintessential Japanese way to relax.
Onsen (温泉)
Natural hot springs in Japan, highly valued for their therapeutic properties and cultural significance, stemming from the country's volcanic geology.
Example:
After a long day of hiking, relaxing in a traditional onsen is a quintessential Japanese experience.
Osaka (大阪)
A large port city and commercial center in Japan, historically significant and connected to Tokyo by the Shinkansen.
Example:
After exploring the historical sites in Kyoto, many tourists visit Osaka for its delicious street food and lively entertainment district.
Paradox of Connection
The phenomenon where digital tools like smartphones and social media, while designed to connect people, can paradoxically lead to increased social isolation and mental health concerns.
Example:
Despite having thousands of online followers, some individuals experience the paradox of connection, feeling more alone than ever in their daily lives.
Robotics
The branch of technology that deals with the design, construction, operation, and application of robots. Japan is a global leader in this field.
Example:
Japan's advancements in robotics have led to innovations in manufacturing, healthcare, and even companion robots.
Shinkansen (bullet train)
Japan's network of high-speed railway lines, renowned for its punctuality, safety, and efficiency, symbolizing Japan's technological prowess in transportation.
Example:
Traveling on the Shinkansen allows you to quickly and comfortably traverse long distances across Japan.
Shinkansen (新幹線)
Japan's high-speed 'bullet train' network, renowned for its efficiency, punctuality, and technological advancement, connecting major cities across the country.
Example:
Traveling from Tokyo to Kyoto in just over two hours on the Shinkansen showcases its incredible speed and convenience.
Shinkansen (新幹線)
Japan's high-speed rail network, known as the 'bullet train,' which revolutionized travel and became a global symbol of Japanese technological innovation and efficiency.
Example:
Traveling from Tokyo to Kyoto on the Shinkansen is an incredibly fast and smooth experience, showcasing Japan's engineering prowess.
Shinrin (森林)
The Japanese term for forest, which covers a significant portion of Japan's land and provides essential ecosystem services, influencing traditional practices like sustainable forestry.
Example:
Many traditional Japanese temples are nestled deep within the shinrin, reflecting a reverence for nature.
Shinrin-yoku (森林浴)
The practice of 'forest bathing,' which involves spending time mindfully in a forest environment to reduce stress and improve overall well-being.
Example:
Taking a quiet, contemplative walk through a wooded path, breathing deeply and observing nature, is an example of shinrin-yoku.
Shuji Nakamura
A Japanese-born American engineer who, alongside Isamu Akasaki and Hiroshi Amano, received the 2014 Nobel Prize in Physics for the invention of blue LEDs.
Example:
The invention by Shuji Nakamura and his colleagues paved the way for bright, energy-saving white light sources.
Sony
A major Japanese multinational conglomerate corporation known for its diverse range of products, including consumer and professional electronics, gaming, entertainment, and financial services.
Example:
Sony has been a key player in the development of popular gaming consoles and audio equipment.
Sustainability
The ability to maintain or support a process continuously over time, often referring to environmental practices that meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
Example:
Promoting sustainability is a key goal for Japan, evident in its efforts to reduce carbon emissions and develop green technologies.
Takushi (タクシー)
The Japanese word for taxi, providing convenient door-to-door transportation services widely available throughout Japan.
Example:
When carrying heavy luggage or needing to reach a specific address late at night, taking a takushi is a convenient option.
Tasuku Honjo
A Japanese immunologist who was awarded the 2018 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his discovery of PD-1, a protein that led to new cancer immunotherapies.
Example:
The pioneering research of Tasuku Honjo has transformed cancer treatment, offering new hope to patients.
Tatemae (建前)
The public facade or surface feelings a person presents in Japanese society, often to maintain harmony and conform to social expectations.
Example:
Even if she was upset, she maintained her tatemae during the meeting, smiling and agreeing with her colleagues.
Technology's Impact on Cultural Practices
Describes how technology influences traditional Japanese arts and customs, leading to both their global dissemination and potential decline in face-to-face interactions.
Example:
Social media allows for wider appreciation of traditional Japanese dance, but this technology's impact on cultural practices also raises concerns about the loss of direct community engagement.
Technology's Impact on Healthcare
Refers to the dual effects of technological advancements on Japan's medical system, encompassing both improved treatments and increased strain on resources due to an aging population.
Example:
While advanced diagnostics improve disease detection, the technology's impact on healthcare also includes challenges like a shortage of medical professionals and rising costs.
Tokyo (東京)
The capital city of Japan, a major global economic and cultural hub, and a key terminus for the Shinkansen.
Example:
Many international students dream of studying in Tokyo to experience its vibrant city life and rich culture.
Toshiba
A Japanese multinational conglomerate known for its diverse products and services, including electronics, electrical equipment, and information technology.
Example:
Toshiba contributed significantly to the early development of laptops and other electronic devices.
Tsunagaru (つながる)
The Japanese verb meaning 'to connect' or 'to be connected,' often used in discussions about social ties, technology, and communication.
Example:
Through social media, people can easily tsunagaru with friends and family living far away.
Washoku (和食)
Traditional Japanese cuisine, recognized by UNESCO, that emphasizes balance, variety, and moderation using fresh, seasonal ingredients. It is believed to support overall health and longevity.
Example:
Enjoying a meal of grilled fish, miso soup, rice, and pickled vegetables is a perfect example of a balanced washoku meal.
butsuri (物理)
Japanese term meaning 'physics'.
Example:
彼は大学で物理を専攻しています。(He is majoring in physics at university.)
chishiki (知識)
Japanese term meaning 'knowledge'.
Example:
科学の知識は私たちの生活を豊かにします。(Scientific knowledge enriches our lives.)
deita (データ)
Japanese term meaning 'data'.
Example:
研究のために多くのデータを集めました。(We collected a lot of data for the research.)
hakken (発見)
Japanese term meaning 'to discover' or 'discovery'.
Example:
科学者は新しい惑星を発見しました。(The scientist discovered a new planet.)
hōhō (方法)
Japanese term meaning 'method' or 'way'.
Example:
この問題を解決する新しい方法を見つけました。(I found a new method to solve this problem.)
jikken (実験)
Japanese term meaning 'experiment'.
Example:
学生たちは化学の実験を行いました。(The students conducted a chemistry experiment.)
kagaku (化学)
Japanese term meaning 'chemistry'.
Example:
この薬は化学の知識に基づいて開発されました。(This medicine was developed based on chemistry knowledge.)
kagakusha (科学者)
Japanese term meaning 'scientist'.
Example:
多くの科学者がそのプロジェクトに参加しています。(Many scientists are participating in that project.)
kakudai (拡大)
Japanese term meaning 'to enlarge' or 'expansion'.
Example:
顕微鏡で画像を拡大して見ました。(I enlarged the image with a microscope to see it.)
kakushin (革新)
Japanese term meaning 'innovation' or 'reform'.
Example:
その新技術は産業に大きな革新をもたらしました。(That new technology brought great innovation to the industry.)
keikaku (計画)
Japanese term meaning 'plan' or 'project'.
Example:
新しい宇宙探査の計画が発表されました。(A new space exploration plan was announced.)
kenbikyō (顕微鏡)
Japanese term meaning 'microscope'.
Example:
顕微鏡を使って細胞を観察しました。(I observed the cells using a microscope.)
kenkyū (研究)
Japanese term meaning 'to research' or 'research'.
Example:
彼は環境問題について研究しています。(He is researching environmental issues.)
kenkyūsha (研究者)
Japanese term meaning 'researcher' or 'experimenter'.
Example:
その研究者はノーベル賞を受賞しました。(That researcher received the Nobel Prize.)
uchū (宇宙)
Japanese term meaning 'outer space' or 'universe'.
Example:
宇宙飛行士は国際宇宙ステーションに滞在しました。(The astronaut stayed on the International Space Station.)