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What is the meaning of 'Nobiles'?
Nobles; the ruling class in Gallic society.
What is the meaning of 'Plebes'?
Commoners; the lower class in Gallic society with little to no political power.
What is the meaning of 'Druides'?
Druids; religious leaders, judges, and educators in Gallic society.
What is the meaning of 'Equites'?
Knights; warriors and wealthy members of Gallic society.
Define 'vassals' in the context of Gallic society.
Commoners who become dependent on nobles due to debt, taxes, or oppression.
What does 'excommunication' mean in the context of the Druids' power?
Exclusion from religious rites and ceremonies, a significant punishment.
What is the meaning of 'supreme authority' in relation to the Druid leader?
The highest level of power and decision-making ability.
Define 'immortal' as it relates to the Druids' beliefs.
Living forever; in this context, the soul's continuous existence after death through reincarnation.
What is the meaning of 'appease the gods'?
To satisfy or pacify the gods, often through offerings or sacrifices.
What is the meaning of 'religious rites'?
Formal religious ceremonies or practices.
What role did the Druids play in Gallic legal matters?
They acted as judges in public and private disputes, and their decisions were considered final.
Where did the Druids gather annually for education and meetings?
They gathered in a central location in the territory of the Carnutes.
What was the Druids' belief about the soul and its impact?
They believed that souls are immortal and pass from one body to another, which encouraged bravery by reducing the fear of death.
Why did the Druids not commit their teachings to writing?
To strengthen memory and ensure that knowledge was carefully preserved and transmitted orally.
What was the main function of the Knights (Equites) in Gallic society?
They were warriors engaged in war, especially before Caesar's arrival, and their power was based on military strength and followers.
Describe the Gallic practice of human sacrifice.
Gauls practiced human sacrifice for serious illnesses or dangers, believing a life must be given for a life to appease the gods. Druids officiated these sacrifices.
How were human sacrifices typically carried out?
Large wicker figures were filled with living people and burned. Criminals were preferred, but innocents were used when needed.
What privileges did the Druids enjoy in Gallic society?
They were exempt from war and taxes, making their position highly desirable.
What subjects did the Druids discuss as part of their teachings?
Astronomy, geography, nature, and the gods.
How long did Druid students typically study and memorize verses?
They learned many verses by heart, some for up to 20 years, reflecting the extensive and rigorous nature of their education.
What is the meaning of 'Nobiles'?
Nobles; the ruling class in Gaul, involved in governance.
What is the meaning of 'Plebes'?
Commoners; the lower class in Gaul, with little to no political power.
What is the meaning of 'Druides'?
Druids; religious leaders, judges, and educators in Gallic society.
What is the meaning of 'Equites'?
Knights; warriors, wealthy, and powerful members of Gallic society.
Define 'vassals' in the context of Gallic society.
Commoners who become dependent on nobles due to debt, taxes, or oppression, similar to serfs.
What does 'excommunication from religious rites' mean?
Being banned from participating in religious ceremonies and practices, a severe punishment imposed by the Druids.
What is the role of 'Druides' in Gallic society?
Religious leaders, judges, and educators.
What is the role of 'Equites' in Gallic society?
Warriors, wealthy, and powerful members of Gallic society.
What is the meaning of 'appease' in the context of religious practices?
To pacify or satisfy a deity through offerings or sacrifices.
What does 'supreme authority' mean in the context of Druid leadership?
The highest level of power and decision-making ability held by the leader of the Druids.