Vergil, Aeneid, Book 4

Irony, highlighting the contrast between Dido's public stance and her private emotions.

Hyperbole, exaggerating elements of the story to underscore the intensity of Dido’s passion.

Personification, giving human characteristics to abstract concepts to emphasize Dido's internal struggle.

Metaphor, as it vividly compares Dido’s love for Aeneas to an incurable wound or a flame consuming her.

He juxtaposes Aeneas' sorrowful demeanor against Odysseus' joy at reunions to show varying responses to similar challenges faced by heroes.

He paralleles Aeneas’ piety with Odysseus’ loyalty, promoting adherence to family and country as universal virtues across cultures.

He contrasts Aeneas' sense of duty against Odysseus’ cunning nature, emphasizing pietas as a core Roman value above Greek heroism.

He mirrors Aeneas’ wanderings with those of Odysseus, showcasing epic quests as foundational elements for both Greek and Roman identities.

Asyndeton (lack of conjunctions) conveys rapid pacing of thoughts, mirrored in Julius Caesar's 'Gallic War' deploying lists without connectives for rapid military movements.

Anastrophe (inversion of normal word order) highlights confusion and disarray in the hearts of the protagonists, mirrored in the 'Epistles.'

Chiasmus (crisscrossing of words) mirrors the entangled relationship and feels echoed in the elegiac couplets of Propertius to portray the intertwined fates of lovers.

Polysyndeton (excessive conjunctions) slows down narration and emphasizes weight of choices, reflected in the philosophy of Seneca's Letters to Lucilius discussing ethical dilemmas.

It underscores the instability inherent in monarchies, which Augustus sought to replace with his principate.

It mirrors contemporary Roman political strife, casting Dido as a figure akin to rival factions within Rome.

It reflects the Roman values of duty and rationality over personal desires, as exemplified by Aeneas's destiny.

It represents the matriarchal power structures that were common in Carthage but alien to Roman society.

The humility and gentleness presented by the comparison to soft breezes or floral fragrances.

The negativity and coldness portrayed after her betrayal by Aeneas during the stormy seas.

The indecisiveness and weakness illustrated by her tendency to meticulously weigh her options.

The decision and fierceness reflected in the images of flame and fire that are associated with her passion.

This metric variation speeds up recitation, reflecting hurried actions within the story.

The substitution adds weight and can create emphasis or slow down the pace.

The alteration shifts the poem into a lighter comedic mood at those points.

The change indicates a switch from narrative to direct speech within the text.

Dactylic hexameter.

Anapestic trimeter.

Trochaic tetrameter.

Iambic pentameter.

Dative

Nominative

Genitive

Accusative

By placing "ipsa iussit" out of normal syntactical order, it draws attention to the authority behind the commands, underscoring the significance of Juno's involvement.

The unusual order is meant to confuse readers and obfuscate the responsibility of events.

It demonstrates Venus' respect for Juno by setting apart her name from other context.

It reduces the severity of Venus’ complaints by implying that she is unsure about who is responsible.

The struggle between traditional Republican virtues and new Imperial ideologies during Augustus’ reign.

The Roman respect for foreign deities and their influence over mortal destinies and actions.

The consequence of female rulers engaging in governance and diplomacy with male counterparts from other states.

The importance placed on pietas (duty) above personal emotion or love affairs.