Vergil, Aeneid, Books 6, 8, and 12

They imply that previous rulers were misguided in their governance leading up to Augustus’ reign.

They suggest alternative outcomes for Troy had different decisions been made during its siege.

They serve as warnings against engaging in similar conflicts such as those faced during Rome’s expansion.

They provide readers with an understanding of Rome's imperial destiny from an Augustan perspective.

They emphasize his refusal to engage in banquets or celebrations until he fulfills his destiny.

They reveal how he consistently puts the needs of fellow Trojans above traditional religious rites.

They show how he balances personal desires with duty towards family and state when encountering Dido's shade.

They depict his willingness to seek out war as an act of devotion towards building a new Troy.

Perfect

Present

Future

Imperfect

It leads him to question the gods' intentions for him and his people.

It reinforces his sense of duty and purpose regarding Rome's future.

It makes him prioritize personal happiness over his responsibilities.

It causes him to doubt his mission and consider returning to Troy.

His inability to accept fate and destiny without question.

His eagerness for revenge against his enemies.

His desire to challenge the natural laws governing life and death.

His persistent humanity and emotional depth.

Vergil’s Sibyl lacks the emotional depth seen in earlier works, appearing solely as a vessel of prophecy.

She is a mysterious and authoritative figure guiding Aeneas, unlike her more ambiguous role in some Greek texts.

She is consistently portrayed as a benign and motherly figure who provides clear guidance.

Her character remains static throughout ancient literature, always serving as an infallible prophet.

Third syllable only

Second and third syllables

First syllable only

Second syllable only

ianuae

portae

ostia

forae

Recognition of the common human experience transcending death, which binds individuals together, forming a continuous thread of lineage shared among Romans across generations.

That virtuous lives are ultimately rewarded despite temporary sufferings endured in the mortal plane.

Celebration of the cyclic nature of existence, reflecting Stoic philosophical influences prevalent in elite circles of the day.

Anchises’ explanation serves as a reminder of the power of the gods to dictate the terms that humanity must abide by.

It diminishes the importance given to Anchises’ words as it disrupts the rhythm established by dactylic hexameter.

It provides weightiness at critical points that underscores their significance and foreshadows future events.

It suggests frivolity and lightheartedness inappropriate for prophetic discourse.

It indicates chaos and disorganization which undermines Anchises' authority.